Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/791

 ARNAULD 755 Scriptures. He left his diocese only on one occasion, and that was to reconcile the prince of Tarento to his father, the duke de la Tr6- raouille. In 1652 Angers revolted, and the queen mother was about to take heavy ven- geance, hut was prevented by Arnauld, who in administering the sacrament said to her, "Take the body of Him who forgave his ene- mies when on the cross." He was urged to take one day in the week for recreation ; but replied, " I will do so when you find me a day when I am not a bishop." His Negotiations d la cour de Rome (5 vols., 1748) contain many curious facts and anecdotes. IV. Antoine, called " the great Arnauld," youngest son of Antoine, and brother of the two preceding, .born in Paris, Feb. 6, 1612, died near Lie"ge, Aug. 8, 1694. He studied for the law, but was in- duced to turn his attention to theology. In 1641 he became a priest, and was made doctor of the Sorbonne. In 1643 he was made asso- ciate of the Sorbonne. In this year he pub- lished his famous work De la frequente com- munion, which was sharply attacked by the Jesuits. Arnauld replied in his Theologie morale des Jesuites, which was the beginning of a long and fierce controversy. His op- ponents endeavored to have him summoned to Kome, to avoid which he retired to the con- vent of Port Koyal des Champs, near Paris. Soon afterward he became involved in the dis- putes concerning Jansenius and his Augustinus, several propositions in which had been (Aug. 1, 1641) condemned by Pope Urban VIII. Ar- nauld undertook to defend the work of Jan- senius against the papal .bull. Besides strictly controversial works, he wrote at this period Moeurs de Veglise catholique ; La correction; La grace; La verite de la religion; De la foi, de Vesperance et de la charite ; and the Manuel de Saint Augustin ; and translated his Frequente communion into Latin. He also undertook the spiritual direction of the nuns in the convent of Port Royal, of which his sis- ter Marie Jacqueline was abbess. In connec- tion with Pascal, Nicole, and others, he pre- pared several elementary works on education. " The Port Royal Grammars " held their place as text books for a long time. In 1649 the Jansenist controversy broke out afresh, and the Augustinus was again condemned by the pope. In 1655 or 1656 Arnauld found it neces- sary to leave Port Royal and seek a secret place of refuge ; he was at this time expelled from the Sorbonne, and from the faculty of the- ology, 72 doctors and many licentiates going out with him. For Pascal's famous "Provincial Letters," against the Jesuits, Arnauld furnished the materials, the wit and satire being Pascal's. In 1658 Arnauld entered personally into the contest, in his Cinque ecrits enfaveur des cures de Paris centre les dasuistes reldches, which was followed in 1662 by La nouvelle heresie, and in 1669 by the first volume of his Morale pratique, the last volume of which was not published until the year of his death. All these works were directed against the Jesuits. The peace of Clement IX. (1668) for a time allayed the Jansenist controversy. Arnauld contributed to this by an eloquent memorial to the pontiff. He was presented to the papal nuncio, and to Louis XIV., who received him graciously, and urged him to " employ his golden pen in defence of religion." Arnauld, in conjunction with Nicole, wrote a work De la perpetuite de la foi de Veglise catholique, which was dedicated to the pope. This work gave rise to a controversy between Arnauld and the reformed minister Claude. The bishop of Paris procured from Louis XIV. an order for the arrest of Arnauld, who concealed him- self for a time in the house of the duch- ess de Longueville; but in 1679 he went to Brussels, where he was assured of protec- tion. Here in 1681 he published his Apo- logie pour les Catholiques, a defence of his old antagonists the Jesuits against the ab- surd charges brought forward in England by Titus Gates. In 1689 appeared an anonymous work, afterward shown to be written by Ar- nauld, directed against the prince of Orange, William III. of England, in which that states- man was designated as " a new Absalom, a new Herod, and a new Cromwell." In opposition to the views of his old friend Malebranche, Arnauld wrote in 1683 his Traite des males et des fausses idees, and in 1685 his Reflexions phUosophiques et theologiques sur le nouveau systeme de la nature et de la grace dupere Male- tranche. He continued to the last, even when more than 80 years old, to carry on his contro- versies with Malebranche, with the Calvin- ists, and with Bayle and other skeptical philos- ophers. His last work, Reflexions sur V eloquence des predicateurs, appeared in 1694. His writ- ings, as named by Mor6ri, comprise 320 works; and as originally published they appeared in 100 volumes. They were collected and pub- lished at Lausanne and Paris in 45 vols. 4to (!775-'83). V. Marie Jacqueline Angelique, abbess of Port Royal, sister of the preceding, born in 1591, died Aug. 6, 1661. At the age of 14 she was made abbess of Port Royal des Champs. At IT she was directed by the general of the order of St. Bernard to reform the abbey of Maubuisson, where she subjected herself to all the privations imposed upon the sisterhood. She became con- vinced that her election as abbess of Port Royal was invalid, and resigned, after having secured a provision that thereafter the abbesses should be chosen triennially. Some years afterward the pope chose her to establish a new convent which the duchess de Longueville was about to found in honor of the holy sacrament. This establishment not continuing, Marie Jacqueline returned to the convent of Port Royal, and was again elected abbess, a position which she retained for 12 years. Racine, in his Histoire de Port Royal, attributes to her the authorship of the history of the persecution suffered by the nuns, which was published at Paris in 1 724. VI. Agnes, sister of the preceding, born in 1594, died