Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/745

 AKIZONA 709 media, who as bishop of the imperial residence had a great influence over Constantino and his sister Constantia. Alexander therefore con- vened a synod at Alexandria in 320 (or accord- ing to some authorities in 321), which was attended by about 100 bishops from Egypt and Libya, at which Arius and his adherents were " expelled from the church which adores the divinity of Christ." As Arius nevertheless continued to teach and to hold divine service, Alexander addressed circular letters to the bishops, in which he asked them not to admit the Arians to the communion of the church, and not to believe Eusebius of Nicomedia and "people of that class." Expelled from Alex- andria, Arius went to Palestine, whence he addressed a defence of his doctrine to Eusebius of Nicomedia. Invited to Nicomedia, he wrote thence a letter to Alexander, endeavoring in language as conciliatory as possible to prove his views to be those of the fathers of the church. Here he also wrote his most important work, the Thalia ("Banquet"), fragments of which are extant in the writings of Athanasius, and composed several songs designed to make known his principles among the people. A synod held in Bithynia about 323 allowed Arius to hold divine service, and interceded in his behalf with the bishop of Alexandria. The division in the church had now become so great that Constantine was induced to convoke the oacumenical council of Nice in 325, to put an end to the controversy. Arius was present at the council, in which the young deacon Athanasius of Alexandria distinguished him- self as the foremost opponent of the Arian views. The council decreed the Son to be consubstantial (fyoobaioe) with the Father, de- posed and condemned Arius, ordered his writ- ings to be burned, and made it a capital offence to own them. The emperor banished Arius to Illyria, and soon the bishops Eusebius of Nico- media and Theognis of Nice shared the same fate for refusing submission to the decrees of the council. After a time, however, Constan- tine was induced by his sister and many in his court, who were in sympathy with Arius, to recall and hear him. This was the beginning of new and violent conflicts. In Alexandria the Arians entered into negotiations concerning a union with the Meletians. A synod at Tyre in 335 deposed Athanasius, who was then ban- ished by the emperor to Treves. In 336 Con- stantine undertook to enforce the recognition of Arius in Constantinople; but on the day fixed for the recognition Arius fell dead in the street. Some of his friends ascribed his death to poison, some of his opponents to the effica- cious prayer of the orthodox bishop of Con- stantinople. (See AEIANISM.) ARIZONA, a territory of the United States, situated between lat. 31 and 37 N. and Ion. 109 and 114 40' W., bounded N. by Utah, E. by New Mexico, S. by Mexico, and W. by Cali- fornia and Nevada; area estimated at 113,000 q. m. No complete survey of the territory has been made. It is divided into five counties : Maricopa, Mohave, Pima, Yavapai, and Yuma. Tucson, in Pima county (pop. 3,224), is the capital and largest town in the territory. Ari- zona City, in Yuma county (pop. 1,144), is a prosperous business place, situated at the junc- tion of the Gila and Colorado rivers. Prescott, the former capital (pop. 668), is situated in central Arizona, and is the headquarters of the military department of Arizona. In 1870 the population of the territory, exclusive of Indians, was 9,658, of whom 3,849 were native and 5,809 foreign born; 1,240 were born in the territory. The total number of Indians was 32,083; of these 4,352 were on reservations and at agencies, and 27,700 were nomadic. Many of these Indians are friendly to the whites, but the greater number are intensely hostile. Of the friendly Indians, the Pimas and the Maricopas rank first in numbers and civilization. They occupy a reservation on the Gila river, about 200 m. E. of Arizona City. The Papagos live S. of the Gila, along the line of Sonora. The Mohaves and the Yumas live along the Colorado, the Utes on the upper Colorado, and the Moquis and Navajos in N. E. Arizona. These tribes are engaged in agricul- ture and stock-raising. Of the hostile Indians the Apaches are the most powerful and war- like. They comprise several tribes distributed over the greater portion of middle and eastern Arizona ; their raids extend all over the terri- tory, with the exception of a narrow strip along the Colorado river and a portion of the lower Gila. Besides the Apaches, the Hualpais or Wallapis, living in the Cerbat range near the Diamond river, and in part of the Aquarius range, are the only dangerous Indians. The middle and N. E. portions of the territory con- sist of elevated plateaus from 3,000 to 8,000 ft. above the sea level, with occasional bluffs and volcanic cones rising from 500 to 2,500 ft. above the plateau. The numerous parallel ranges of mountains have a general N.W. and S. E. course, and form long valleys in the same direction. The most marked exceptions to this general direction are the Mogollon range hi the east, which extends nearly E. and W. and joins the Sierra Blanca, and an E. and W. range stretching beyond Arizona into New Mexico. The axis of the Black mountains and the Cerbat range, in the N. "W". part of the territory, lies very nearly N. and S. The S. portion of the territory is a plain with a slight elevation above the sea, amounting at the mouth of the Gila to only 200 ft. From this plain isolated mountains and mountain ranges rise abruptly. In central Arizona the Sierra Prieta and the Aztec range send foot hills out in every direction, and their flanks sink very gradually to the level of the high plateau surrounding the San Francisco mountain toward the N. E., and to the mesas or table lands sloping toward the Colorado on the S. "W. The elevation of the town of Pres- cott is over 6,000 ft. above the sea, while the Tonto and San Francisco plateaus, E. and N. E.