Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/693

 ARCHITECTURE 657 whole width (a triangular fluting or channel formed by the intersection of two vertical planes inclined inward from the face of the tablet), of two semiglyphs, and two inter- glyphs, each one seventh of the entire width. The glyphs detail on taenia. Above they are sometimes square-headed, sometimes curved; the semiglyphs finish with a curve at the top. The surface of the interglyphs is in the same plane with the architrave. The metopes re- cede from the triglyphs, and were oftentimes decorated with sculpture. The cornice, pro- jecting about its own height, is composed of a corona, about one half of the whole height, crowned by a square fillet supported by a con- geries of mouldings, together about one half of the height of the corona, which latter has on the lower edge a sunken face bearing the mutules and guttse, which form the soffit or plancher of the cornice, inclined up inward at an angle of about 30. The mutules are placed directly over the triglyphs and metopes, and are exactly equal to the former in width ; they are ornamented with three rows of cylindrical drops. The height of the pediment is gener- ally about 1-J- diameter. The cornice crowning the inclined sides of the tympanum differs from the horizontal one at its base, inasmuch as the mutules are left out, and another member superimposed, which is either an ovolo with a fillet, or a cymatium, occupying a space equal to about one half of the depth of the cornice with its mutules. The tympanum was often decorated with sculpture. The flank cornice supported antefixse, an ornament used to cover the ends of the joint tiles of the roof. The antse or pilasters, nearly equal in diameter to the columns, did not dimmish at the top, nor were they fluted like the columns ; they gen- erally had a congeries of mouldings at the top and the bottom. The Greeks never employed peripterally any other than the Doric order. The Ionic, remarkable for its grace and suavity of proportions, holds a middle place between the simple Doric and the rich Corinthian order. According to some, it was originally employed in funereal edifices. At Telmessus, in Lycia, are to be found tombs cut in the rock, which invariably offer examples of this style ; moreover, on the Grecian vases the rep- resentation of the Ionic column is symbolical of a sepulchral monument. This order, as well as the Corinthian, is more tractable than the Doric. Like the latter, it is composed of stylo- bate, column, and entablature. The column has a base as well as a capital, and is about nine diameters in height. The base, about one half a diameter in height and 1 in width, is composed of a torus resting on the stylobate, a scotia, and a second torus, all about equal, and separated from each other by a fillet, one also finishing the apophyge, or escape of the shaft, which diminishes with entasis about one sixth of a diameter, bearing 24 flutes deeper than in the Doric column, and which are separated from each other by fillets. These 43 VOL. i. 43 flutes finish in the same curve above and be- low. The capital is about one half of a diam- eter in height, when unaccompanied by a neck- ing; when one exists, it is about three quar- ters high. The volutes, carved on the faces of a parallelogrammic block, and connected at the sides by bolsters and in front by flowing lines, are supported by a congeries of mould- ings, composed of a bead and ovolo. Super- imposed is the abacus. These volutes are a full half diameter in depth, and extend in width about 1| diameter. When this capital is accompanied by a necking, a torus is intro- duced in corbel mouldings, supporting the vo- lutes, and the necking itself, ornamented with the honeysuckle and tendrils, is separated from the shaft by a fillet or a bead. The outer volute of the capital at the corners is inclined at an angle of 45, so as to present a volute .when viewed from either side ; internally the two volutes meet at right angles. The en- tablature, a little over two diameters in height, is composed of architrave, frieze, and cornice. The former, occupying about two fifths of the whole height, contains three equal fascias, slightly projecting one beyond the other, the lowest one being in a plane tangent to the inferior circumference of the column. On the upper edge of the architrave are a few cor- belling mouldings, comprising a little less than one quarter of its whole height. The frieze is of the same height with the archi- trave, recedes slightly, and is either plain or ornamented with sculpture. The projection of the cornice is about equal to its height. It is composed of bed mouldings under- cutting the corona; this latter is of great breadth, and the crown mouldings are of much less importance than in the Doric. The pedi- ment of this order is also rather lower, and its cornice is crowned by a rectangular fillet surmounting small mouldings. The interco- lumniations differ from two to three diameters. The only example of the Grecian Corinthian is to be found in the choragic monument of Lysicrates, which is a small circular structure decorated with engaged Corinthian columns, placed upon a high rectangular basement. This order is composed of a stylobate, a column, and entablature, the first occupying in height a little more than one diameter. The column is about 10 diameters high, has a base some- what similar to the Ionic, between one third and one half of a diameter in height, and in width rather more than 1 diameter. The shaft, whose top diameter is about five sixths of that at the base, bears 24 flutes nearly semi- circular, terminating at the bottom in the same curve, and at the top in leaves, the fillets form- ing stalks. The capital, separated from the shaft by a groove, is a little more than 1 diam- eter in height. Its cylindrical body is sur- rounded at the bottom by a row of water leaves occupying about one sixth of the entire height. Above them is placed a row of acanthus leaves twice as high as the former, seemingly buttoned