Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/686

 650 AKCHIAS ARCHIAS, Anlns Lieinlus, a Greek poet, born at Antioch toward the close of the 2d century B. 0. and well known to us only through the oration of Cicero in his defence. When a young man he went to Rome, and was treated with much attention by the leading men of the republic, and especially by the Licinian family, whose name he assumed as a token of respect. He attended Licinius Lucullus, the prtetor, to Sicily, and afterward to Heraclea in Lucania, whither his patron was banished for his conduct in the servile war. He was with the younger Lucullus in Asia during the first and third Mithridatic wars, and in the in- terim he accompanied him into Africa. He at length returned to Rome, where an accusation was brought against him for having assumed without just title the privileges of a Roman cit- izen. The case was tried before Q. Cicero, who was then praetor, and whose relative, Mar- cus Tullius, undertook the defence. The re- sult is unknown. Cicero and Quintilian assert that the poems of Archias were equally re- markable for beauty of style and variety of thought. They are all lost, except some epi- grams preserved in the Greek Anthology, if indeed these be justly attributed to him. ARCHIATEB (Gr. apxiarpof, chief physician), a title which seems in the first place to have been purely honorary and not official. In the times of the Roman emperors Greek physicians were encouraged to come to Rome and enter the imperial service ; and it was to one of these, Andromachus the elder, that the title archia- ter was first given by Nero. "What was in- tended only as a personal compliment to An- dromachus passed rapidly into an institution, and archiater became a designation of a class. The archiatri were divided into two classes, the city archiatri and the court archiatri. Later it came to be a civil requirement (under An- toninus Pius) that small cities should have five archiatri, large ones seven, and the largest ten. The archiatri were salaried officers, and were expected to treat the poor gratuitously. As perquisites, they charged the rich for prac- tice, and also had certain stipends called anno- naria commoda. It was also considered a part of their duty to teach medical science, and to exercise a general supervision over the health of their medical dioceses and the practice of the inferior physicians. The archiatri were usually elected by the suffrages of physicians. In Sweden and Denmark the order still exists. ARCHIBALD, Adams (.., a British colonial statesman, born at Trnro, Nova Scotia, May 18, 1814. He studied law in Halifax, was called to the bar in 1839, was elected a mem- ber of the legislature of Nova Scotia for the county of Colchester in 1851, and was re- elected in 1855. Next year he became solici- tor general in the government of Mr. Young, then a leader of the liberal party, and was reflected to the legislature by acclamation. Mr. Archibald had a large share in breaking up the mining monopoly which, under a grant ARCHIL of George III. to the duke of York, held all the coal and other mines of Nova Scotia, under the name of the general mining company. In 1863 he carried a bill through the legislature of Nova Scotia which substituted for the uni- versal suffrage a somewhat restricted franchise. He was one of the delegates to the intercolo- nial convention held at Quebec in 1864; and his advocacy of that scheme of union cost him his seat when he next appeared for reelection. In the cabinet of Sir John Young, which was formed in 1867, he was president of the coun- cil and secretary of state for the provinces, and in 1871 he was appointed lieutenant governor of Manitoba. This office he resigned in the beginning of 1872. ARCHIDAMCS, the name of five kings of Sparta, of the Proclid or Eurypontid line. The first of the name, son of Anaxidamus, lived during the war with Tegea, about 668 B. C. The second, son of Zenxidamus, reigned 469-427 B. C. In 464 occurred the terrible earthquake which almost destroyed Sparta, when Archidamus by his energy probably saved the surviving citizens from massacre by the helots. He commanded in the wars against the revolted Messenians. In the dis- cussions at Sparta and Corinth prior to the rupture with Athens he was prominent as an advocate of peace and moderation. In the Peloponnesian war he commanded three expe- ditions against Attica and one against Platsea. His grandson ABCHIDAMUS III., son of Agesi- laus II., reigned 361-338 B. C. In 367 he had defeated the Arcadians and Argives in the " tearless battle," so called by the Spartans be- cause they did not lose a man ; and in 362 he had successfully defended Sparta against Epami- nondas. In the sacred war he aided the Pho- cians against the Macedonians with money and men, but toward its close he retired on the approach of Philip, leaving the Phocians to their fate. He was killed in Italy, in a battle fought in aid of the Tarentines, on the day of the battle of Chaeronea. ABCHIDAMUS IV., his grandson, and son of Eudamidas I., is only known from his defeat by Demetrius Polior- cetes in 296 B. C. ARCHIDAMUS V., last of the Proclid line, son of Eudamidas II., possessed himself of the throne in 240 B. C., but was soon slain by the murderers of his brother and predecessor Agis IV. ARCHIL, or Orehll (Span, orchilla ; Fr. or- seille). The red, violet, and blue colors which are known in commerce under the names of archil, cudbear, and litmus are supplied by different species of lichens, rocella, variolaria, lecanora. The rocella tribe grow upon rocks on the seacoast in the Canary islands, Sardinia, and Corsica, at the Cape of Good Hope, and on the W. coast of South America. Archil is prepared by digesting the lichens in a hot solu- tion of ammonia, allowing it to stand for a few hours, and exposing the clear solution, which is drawn off from the lichen, in deep jars, to the air for about three weeks ; the solution