Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/674

 638 AKBOGAST to England and produced another novel in five volumes, "The Wanderer," which had little popularity, and is now almost forgotten. At the peace her husband, now I3en. d'Arblay, ioined her, and remained with her till his death, at Bath, in 1818. In 1832 Madame d'Arblay published the memoirs of her father, written in a turgid style, entirely at variance with her earlier diction. This was the closing work of her long life, which ended when she was 87 years old. The literary fame of Madame d'Arblay rests upon "Evelina" and "Cecilia," her earliest works. ARBOGAST (ARBOGASTES), a Gaul in the mili- tary service of the Romans during the latter half of the 4th century. In 388 he accompa- nied Theodosius on his expedition to support Valentinian II. against the usurper Maximus. After the revolt was reduced, Arbogast, by the order of Theodosius, remained with Valentinian as adviser ; and when the latter attempted to recover his independence, Arbogast put to death all his partisans, and finally the emperor him- self. Not daring to seize upon the imperial purple, he gave it to Eugenius, going himself to fight against Marcomir, chief of the Franks. Theodosius marched into Italy to avenge his cousin, and Arbogast and Eugenius were de- feated near the passes of the Julian Alps, in 394. Eugenius was captured and executed. Arbogast escaped into the mountains, but soon despairing, committed suicide. AKBOIS, a town of France, in the department of Jura, situated in the deep valley of the Oui- sance, 25 m. N. E. of Lons-le-Saulnier ; pop. in 1866, 5,895. The town has a college, and produces a noted wine. ARBOR VITJ!, a coniferous tree (thuja), with compressed evergreen foliage forming flattened branches, strongly aromatic. Varieties are American Arbor Vlt. found throughout the northern temperate re- gions of both continents. The tree bears prun- ing well, and may be trimmed into conical or pyramidal standards, or worked into an excel- ARBUTHNOT lent hedge. In its wild state the American arbor vita? (71 occidentalis) has loose spread- ing branches when growing on the edges of streams, but it becomes bushy in cultivation. Its height varies from 20 to 50 feet, and it is one of the largest of all the species. The Chinese, Nepaulese, Siberian, and Tartarean are all beautiful varieties and easily cultivated, although in northern New England they are apt to lose their branches by frost. The thuja plicata is a curious variety from Nootka sound, with singular foliage. The cone of thuja is small, and in ripening assumes a vertical posi- tion on the branches. ARBRISSEL, Robert of, founder of the order of Fontevrault, born at Arbrissel, Brittany, in 1047, died at Orsan in 1117. In 1085, upon his appointment as vicar general of the bishop of Rennes, he began sweeping reforms among the clergy and people of the diocese, which brought him into such bad odor that upon the death of his superior in 1089 he retired to Angers and gave instructions in theology. At the expira- tion of two years, disgusted with the world, he retired into the forest of Craon, where he lived as a hermit. Numerous anchorets soon placed themselves under his direction, and he gave his followers the name of " The Poor of Christ." In 1096 he founded the abbey of La Roe, of which he became the first prior, but soon relinquished this peaceful life to travel barefooted through the country, preaching repentance and penance to the people. He soon had several thousand followers of both sexes, for whose accommoda- tion he built a number of abbeys, the most celebrated of which is that of Fontevrault, near Poitiers, established in 1099. ARBROATII, Aberbrothwlck, or Aberbrolhoek, a royal and municipal burgh of Forfarshire, Scotland, on the North sea, at the mouth of the Brothwick or Brothock, 58 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh ; pop. in 1871, 19,974. The town has a signal tower communicating with the Bell Rock lighthouse, which has been celebrated by Southey as the Inch Cape Rock under the pious care of the abbot of Aberbrothock. The once powerful abbey of Arbroath, founded in 1178 by William the Lion, who is buried here, in honor of Thomas & Becket, was destroyed by the re- formers in 1560. All that remains of it is the ruined church with its cloisters, and an east window with a circular light at the top, a conspicuous mark for sailors, who call it the "round O of Arbroath." The small harbor is protected by a breakwater. Between 400 and 500 vessels enter and leave the port annually, with between 30,000 and 40,000 tons. There are four annual fairs and a weekly market. The imports are tallow, flax, hemp, and lin- seed ; the exports grain, paving stones, and the local manufactures of sailcloth, thread, and leather. ARBl"TIIOT, John, a Scottish physician and writer, born in Kincardineshire about 1675, died in London, Feb. 27, 1735. He was the son of a Presbyterian clergyman, took his doc-