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 APELDOORN APENNINES 581 on the ground, they are slow, inert, and help- less animals, although in their native forests, passing from bough to bough and from tree to tree, they are the most agile of all creatures. The character and habits of the great apes in a state of nature are little understood. Not- withstanding the gentleness and docility of those brought young from their native climates, there is reason to believe that in their native wilds they become as they grow old fierce, dangerous, and perhaps even carnivorous ; for, although the number of their teeth and the formation of the molars and incisors precisely resemble those of the human being, the canines are developed in the same relative proportion as in the carnivora, so much so that the tusks of a full-grown orang-outang are fully equal to those of a lion. In confinement, however, they are almost wholly free from the mischievous and petulant curiosity and violent fits of pas- sion which characterize the smaller monkeys ; are deliberate in their actions, circumspect, in- telligent, and susceptible of a high degree of attachment to those who take care of them, or with whom they consort. They have two sin- gular points of resemblance to man in their habits, which are worthy to be contrasted with the structural dissimilarities which have been insisted on above : 1. They do not repose, like the other monkeys, squatting on their hams, but stretch themselves on their sides, like human beings, and support their heads on their hands, or find some natural substitute for a pillow. 2. Alone of animals, they use other means of defence or attack than their own nat- ural means, strength, and weapons, readily be- taking themselves to the use of stones and clubs, which they wield with considerable dexterity, either hurling them as missiles, or using them hand to hand. In their mental powers, or intelligence, the apes in nowise ap- proach the dog, the elephant, or the horse, although their natural facility of imitating hu- man action has obtained for them the credit of approaching nearly to human comprehen- sion. See CHIMPANZEE, GIBBON, GOEILLA, and OfiANG-OUTANG. APELDOORN, a town of Holland, province of Gelderland, 15 m. N". of Arnhem ; pop. in 1868, 12,087. In 1871 it had 42 manufactories of papier mache. Near it is the royal castle of Loo. APELLES, the most celebrated of Greek painters, born, according to Pliny and Ovid, in the island of Cos ; according to Suidas, at Co- lophon. Strabo and Lucian call him an Ephe- sian, but he appears to have been such only by adoption, and to have studied at Ephesus. His instructors were Ephorus the Ephesian, Pam- philus of Amphipolis, Melanthus, and, accord- ing to Athenaeus, Arcesilaus. The masterpiece of Apelles was his Venus Anadyomene, or "Venus Kising from the Sea," the model for which is believed to have been either Phryne or Campaspe, one of the royal mistresses whom Alexander the Great resigned to the painter. This painting was ultimately placed by Augus- tus in the temple of Julius Caesar, where it was gradually destroyed by age. It is said that Alexander, whom, according to some., Apelles accompanied in his expedition to Asia, would allow no one but Apelles to paint his portrait ; and one of his paintings representing Alexan- der holding a thunderbolt was sold for a sum equal to about $200,000. He was accustomed, when he had completed a piece, to expose it to the view of passers-by, and to hide himself behind it in order to hear the remarks of the spectators. On one of these occasions a shoe- maker censured the painter for having given one of the slippers of a figure a less number of ties than it ought to have had. The next day the shoemaker, emboldened by the success of his previous criticism, began to find fault with a leg, when Apelles indignantly put forth hia head and desired him to confine his criticism to the slipper. Hence arose the expression Ne sutor ultra crepidam, "Let not the cobbler go beyond his last." APELT, Ernst Frledrich, a German metaphy- sician, born at Reich enau, March 3, 1812, died in Jena, Oct. 27, 1859. He was a professor at Jena, and a disciple of Jacob Friedrich Fries, whose theories he supported in various works, especially in the 2d volume of his Epochen der Geschichte der Menschheit (Jena, 1845). He edited Fries's posthumous Politik, oder pJiilosophische Staatslehre (1848), and wrote Theorie der Induction (Leipsic, 1854), Me- taphysik (1857), and Die Reformation der Sternkunde und Religionsphilosophie (1860). His philosophical method has been described as combining the theories of Kant with the ideas of Jacobi, and is fully explained in Kuno Fischer's Die beiden Kanfscnen Schulen in Jena (Stuttgart, 1862). APENNINES, a chain of mountains in Italy, extending, with but trifling intervals between its principal groups, through the entire length of the Italian peninsula, from the Maritime Alps to the straits of Messina, a distance of 800 m. Through the greater part of its extent the chain is about equally distant from the Adriatic and the Mediterranean. No part of it is above the limit of perpetual snow; its highest peak, Monte Corno, near Aquila, rises only 9,542 ft. above the sea; while the average height of the range does not exceed 4,200 ft. To the height of 3,000 ft. the Apennines are generally covered with forests; above this their sides are bare and rugged, and their sum- mits rough and broken, not rising into sym- metrical peaks or needles, like those of the Alps. The range is divided by the best geog- raphers into five portions, the Ligurian, Tuscan, Eoman, Neapolitan, and Calabrian Apennines. These are in turn divided into smaller groups. 1. The Ligurian Apennines, which are not in reality separated at their western extremity from the Maritime Alps, are generally consid- ered as beginning near the source of the Bor- mida, a short distance W. o Savona, though