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 ANTIOCH ANTIOCH COLLEGE 567 earthquake, but was rebuilt in its ancient splen- dor by the contributions and influence of the emperor Trajan. In 155 it was destroyed by flre, and restored by Antoninus Pius. On the decline of the Roman empire it suffered severely in the wars with Persia, being sacked by Sapor I., ChosroSs I., and Ghosroes II. In 331 it was vis- ited by a famine so dreadful that a bushel of wheat sold for 400 pieces of silver. The same calamity befell the city in the reign of Julian, and again in that of Theodosius. The inhabit- ants were severely punished by Theodosius in 387 for resisting the payment of an extraordi- nary tribute. In the years 458, 526, and 587 Antioch was visited by earthquakes, and on each occasion nearly ruined. That of 526 was the most destructive of life of any on record. Gibbon states that 250,000 persons perished. In 638 it fell into the hands of the Saracens, about 975 was reannexed to the Byzantine em- pire, in 1098 was taken by the crusaders, and in 1268 its power was extinguished by Sultan Bibars. (See BOHEMOND.) The bishop of Anti- och in the 5th century received the title of patri- arch, and ranked next to the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, and Alexandria. In the Greek church he still ranks immediately after the patriarchs of Constantinople and Alexandria. In the Roman Catholic church four bishops bear the title of patriarch of Antioch, those of the Maronite, United Greek, United Syrian, and Latin rites. None of the present patri- archs of Antioch reside in Antakieh. Anta- kieh, or modern Antiocb, is situated on the S. bank of the Orontes, which at this place is about 120 feet wide, 55 m. W. of Aleppo; pop. about 12,000. S. of the city is a high mountain, the sides of which Ibrahim Pasha fortified to command the town. It has a num- ber of insignificant mosques with low mina- CHy of Antioch. rets, and several Christian churches. Most of the Christians in Antioch and the neighboring mountains are Armenians, among whom the American missionaries have made many con- verts. Silk is much cultivated here, and ex- ported in a raw state to France. Oil, soap, and leather are also manufactured, and grain, honey, and butter are exported in large quan- tities. The fertile plains of Antioch are quite uncultivated, being subject to raids by the Turcoman robbers, who are more dreaded by the peasantry than the Bedouins ; but on the hills around are numerous plantations of figs, olives, and vines. Large herds of horses in a hall' wild state roam the plains; they are reared by the Turcomans for the Syrian markets. In 1822 the town again suffered severely from an earthquake ; and on April 3 and 10, 1872, heavy shocks occurred, overthrowing part of the walls, rending the ancient Roman bridge in several places, and destroying a great number of the houses in the city and in the surround- ing villages and several thousand lives. ANTIOCH COLLEGE, a seat of learning at Yellow Springs, Green county, Ohio, 75 m. N. E. of Cincinnati. It was incorporated in 1852, and its buildings, erected at an expense of $150,000, occupy a beautiful and health- ful situation. The college is designed to give education as cheaply as possible to the people of the West ; to open every opportunity equally to men and women; and to be religious but not sectarian. It requires sound moral char- acter in the students, not less than scholarship. Horace Mann was its president from 1853 till his death in 1859, when he was succeeded by Thomas Hill, D. D., who held the position until elected president of Harvard college in 1862.