Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/564

 532 ANNE ARUNDEL effect when the change of temperature is very sudden. The tempering of steel is an artificial hardening of the same nature. Cast iron may be chilled and become as hard as steel, but brittle. It may be annealed (with a slight change in the composition at the same time) and form malleable castings even cast-iron nails that will clench. The subject is more particularly interesting as it relates to the changes effected by temperature in glass. When this is melted and shaped into articles which are allowed to cool in the air, the glass becomes too brittle for any use. The ex- terior cools first and forms a contracted crust, which shelters the interior particles ; so that these continue longer in a semi-fluid state, and are prevented from expanding, as glass does in cooling, and uniting with the rest to form a ho- mogeneous mass. The inner parts are thus con- stantly tending to expand. If, on the contrary, the glass is placed in a hot oven, and this is al- lowed to cool very slowly, the particles of glass appear to assume a condition of perfect equi- librium of cohesive force without tension, so that the mass becomes tough and elastic. The extreme effect of sudden cooling is very curious- ly shown in the philosophical toys called Prince Rupert's drops and the Bologna phial. The former, which were shown by Prince Rupert to Charles II. in 1661, are little pear-shaped lumps of glass, with a curved stem, formed by dropping melted glass into water. Most of the particles burst to pieces, but some assume this form. When taken out of the water they will bear a smart blow without breaking, the effect being spread equally throughout the whole body; but if a little piece be broken off the end of the stem, they will fly into fragments with a sort of explosion. Dr. Ure explains this phenomenon by referring it to the tendency of a crack once formed in the glass to extend its ramifications in different directions throughout the whole mass. The same effect is observed in the very large sheets of plate glass used for shop win- dows : once cracked, they are seen in time to fall to pieces, the cause no doubt being imper- fect annealing. The Bologna phials are made of unannealed glass, 8 or 4 inches long and about i of an inch thick. No regard is paid to their shape. They will bear a pretty hard blow with a hammer handle on the outside, or a small bullet may be dropped into one with- out breaking it; but if a sharp fragment of sand, or small piece of stone, be dropped in, the glass will burst in pieces, generally at once, but sometimes after a considerable interval. ANNE ARl VDKL, a central county of Mary- land, on the W. shore of Chesapeake bay, bounded N. by the Patapsco river, W. by the Patuxent, and watered in the eastern half by the South and Severn rivers ; area, 750 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 24,457, of -whom 11,732 were colored. The surface is undulating and hilly, and the soil is fertile. In 1870 the county pro- duced 126,451 bushels of wheat, 560,359 ot corn, 65,888 of oats, 3,020,455 Ibs. of tobacco, ANNE BOLEYN 21,521 of wool, and 142,632 of butter. Copper and iron ore are found. The Annapolis and Elk Kidge railroad passes through the county. Capital, Annapolis. ANNE OF AUSTRIA, queen of France, daughter of Philip III. king of Spain, born Sept. 22, 1601, died Jan. 20, 1666. She was married in 1615 to Louis XIII., and in 1638, 23 years after her marriage, became the mother of Louis XIV., and in 1640 of Philip of Orleans, the first of that branch of the house of Bourbon. Car- dinal Richelieu, the all-powerful minister of the weak Louis XIII., dreading the influence of the queen, or, as otliers pretend, having been re- fused by her as a lover, succeeded in prejudic- ing the mind of the king till he allowed Anne to be continually persecuted, exiled, and at times left to suffer the greatest penury. Riche- lieu accused her of conspiring with the dukes of Lorraine, with England, with her brother the king of Spain, with all the enemies of France, and with the conspirators at the court, against his own supremacy. At the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, the parliament, contrary to his will, appointed her regent during the minor- ity of Louis XIV. Cardinal Mazarin, who is supposed to have been secretly married to her, ruled in her name, and provoked the revolt of some of the princes of the blood and other French grandees known as the war of the Fronde (1648-'53). (See FRONDE.) ANNE BOLEYN, Bnllen, or Bonleyne, queen of England, one of the wives of Henry VIII., be- headed May 19, 1536. The date of her birth is uncertain, some authorities placing it as early as 1500, others as late as 1507. She was a daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, afterward created Viscount Rochford and earl of Ormond and Wiltshire, and was one of the ladies selected to accompany the princess Mary to France at the time of her marriage with Louis XII. in 1514. When Mary returned after Louis's death, Anne remained behind attached to the household of Claude, the queen of Francis I. She was recalled to England in 1522 (or according to Froude in 1527), and admitted to the household of Catha- rine of Aragon. Here she seems to have been cir- cumspect in her behavior, witty, vivacious, and accomplished. The stories of her questionable conduct at the French court rest upon insuf- ficient testimony. It was not long before she attracted the attention of Henry, who obliged Wolsey to interfere and break off a proposed marriage between Anne and Lord Percy, son of the earl of Northumberland. Anne grew in favor precisely as the royal scruples about the validity, of the marriage with Catharine in- creased. It was in the latter part of 1527 that Henry openly declared to Wolsey his intention to marry Anne as soon as the divorce could be obtained. The cardinal's opposition soon gave way before Henry's violent will, but Anne al- ways looked upon Wolsey as her rival, and could not rest until she had persuaded the king to disgrace him. At last, after five years' agi- tation of the divorce, Anne was married to the