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 506 ANGOLA abridged from it or from some common source. It has been supposed that Alfred had it com- piled and copies placed in the monasteries. How the records were kept afterward is. not known. It is for the most part a meagre note of events of little interest, but in the later times there are sometimes reflections and poet- ical passages, as well as sketches of character. It has been often printed and translated. Thorpe's edition (London, 1861) has seven par- allel texts, a translation, and indexes. There are also a large number of charters, deeds, wills, and similar documents remaining, of which Kemble has published six volumes (Codex Diplomat- icus^vi Saxonici, London, 1839-'46). Beda's "Ecclesiastical History "was written by him in Latin, and translated into Anglo-Saxon by Alfred. It is one of the world's great books. It has passed through many editions in many countries. Wheloc's edition has Latin and Anglo-Saxon in parallel columns (Cambridge, 1644) ; and Smith's has various readings (Cam- bridge, 1722). A new edition is needed. For ancient history there is Alfred's translation of Orosius, with additions by the translator of some value. Thorpe's edition with translation and glossary is in Bohn's library (London, 1857). There are some biographies. St. Guthlac has been repeatedly printed (Goodwin, London, 1848). 4. Law. A large body of laws re- mains, extending from Ethelbert, who was king of Kent at the time of its conversion to Chris- tianity, to those of William the Conqueror. The best editions are those of Thorpe (Lon- don, 1840), containing the ecclesiastical insti- tutes, and Schmid (Leipsic, 1858), a critical text with Latin and German translations, notes, and a glossary. These and the charters are perhaps the most valuable prose remaining for the study of the people. 5. Natural science and medicine. " Popular Treatises of Science " (Thorpe, London, 1841); "Leechdoms" (3 vols., O. Cockayne, London, 1864 '6). 6. Grammar. yElfric has a Latin grammar in Anglo-Saxon, which answers as a reverse grammar. It is printed in Somner's Diction- ary (Oxford, 1659). ^Elfric's " Colloquy," in Thorpe's "Analecta Anglo-Saxonica " (Lon- don, 1846). There are a few glossaries in Wright (London, 1857). ANGOLA, in its wider sense, a Portuguese colony on the W. coast of South Africa, Lower Guinea, between lat. 7 30' and 17 S. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1488, and they have ever since held it, except from 1641 to 1648, when the capital and a portion of the colony were occupied by the Dutch. The gov- ernment general of Angola, as claimed by the Portuguese, embraces an area of upward of 200,000 sq. m. The population is estimated by the Portuguese government at 2,000,000. The colony is divided into four districts, besides the Gimbandi country, which is likewise re- garded as belonging to it : Ambriz, Angola proper, Benguela, and Mossamedes. The rule of the Portuguese is recognized between the ANGORA Koanza and the Dande only, the main part of Angola proper ; outside of this territory they have isolated fortified places, and the native chiefs sustain the relation of more or less doubtful vassals. A line of forts which they intended to construct across the continent to connect with their colony of Mozambique in eastern Africa has never been completed, but the country in the interior has been explored to some extent. The soil is very fertile, and the vegetation is luxuriant ; the fauna and flora are tropical. Along the rivers sugar cane is rais- ed, and in the primitive forests excellent coffee is found. The climate is unhealthy along the coast. The mountains contain gold, iron, lead, and sulphur. Spring, the rainy season, begins in September. The most intelligent among the natives are the people of the dis- trict of Ambaca, most of whom are able to read and write. As roads are almost wholly wanting, the government employs carregadores (burden-carriers), who are furnished by the villages. In the district of Golungo-Alto the number of these carriers was estimated by Dr. Livingstone at 6,000. An army of 5,000 men, four war vessels, and the packet ser- vice consume nearly the entire revenue of the colony. A Catholic bishop was appointed for Angola about the middle of the 16th cen- tury, and a large number of the natives were nominally received into the church ; but since the expulsion of the Jesuits, the native churches have been to a large extent without priests, and the population has partly relapsed into paganism. In 1857 there were in the whole diocese only six priests, though the Christian population was estimated at 300,000. The capital, Saint Paul de Loanda, on the coast of Angola proper, is the seat of the governor general and of the bishop; pop. 12,500, of whom 850 are whites, 2,500 mulattoes, and the remainder negroes. The chief coast towns of the three other districts are Ambriz, Sao Felipe de Benguela, and Mossamedes. (See GUINEA.) ANGORA (Turk. Engurieh; anc. Ancyrd), a city of Asia Minor, capital of a Turkish eyalet of the same name, 220 m. E. S. E. of Constantino- ple; pop. about 45,000, including about 80,000 Turks, 10,000 Armenians, 4,000 Greeks, and 1,000 Jews. It is situated in the midst of a vast elevated plain, abounding in fruits and pastu- rage, over which the roving tribes of the Turco- mans tend their sheep, goats, and horses. The citadel is situated on a steep rock, and its walls are covered with inscriptions. The trade with the west is chiefly in the hands of the Greeks and Armenians, and thus the city in social life is rather European than Mohammedan. It is the see of a Greek and of a Catholic Armenian bishop. On July 20, 1402, Angora was the scene of a terrible battle between Timour and the sultan Bajazet I., in which the lat- ter was captured. There are some ancient remains. (See ANCYRA.) The Angora goat, with its silken fleece, is the most curious pro- duct of this region. Its hair, which is white