Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/529

 ANGLER FISH ANGLESEY 497 for such a case is calculated according to a law discovered by Descartes, which is that "the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction bear a fixed relation to one another, different for each substance." When the calculation gives for the sine of the angle of refraction a quantity greater than 1, it gives a sine which cannot exist, which indicates that no refraction can exist in this case, and that consequently all the light is reflected. The smallest angle of incidence with which this takes place, or the angle of total reflection, differs according to Fio. 6. Angle of Total Reflection. the relative power of refraction of the two transparent media. For light passing into air, it is when coming from water 48 30' ; from crown glass, 42 ; from flint glass, 38 ; and from dia- mond, 24. This is one of the reasons of the special brilliant lustre of the last-named sub- stance. For other special applications of the term (angle of incidence, of least deviation, of polarization, of repose), see MECHANICS, POLAR- IZATION, and SPECTRUM. ANGLER FISH. See GOOSE FISH. ANGLES, or Angll, an ancient German tribe which, after various migrations, settled in Den- mark, and thence passed over in great numbers to England, to which they gave their name. Tacitus in his Germania mentions this tribe by name. Lendenbrog and Leibnitz (Scriptores Rerum Brumuicemiurn) have preserved some fragments of the ancient laws used in common by the Angli and the Varini. On the conti- nent their name has only been preserved in the district of Schleswig called Angeln, and his- tory would have let them drop entirely into oblivion, but for the circumstance that their immigration into Britain gave to the greater portion of the southern part of that island the name of Angle-land, England. (See ANGLO- SAXONS.) ANGLESEA, or Anglesey, a small island in the Irish sea, on the coast of Wales, from which it is separated by the Menai strait, constituting a county; area, 302 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 50,919. The chief agricultural products are oats and barley. Cattle and sheep are largely raised. The copper mines at Parys and Mona, once very productive, have much declined. The chief towns are Beaumaris, the county seat, Holy- head, Llangefni, and Amlwch, which unite in returning one member to parliament, besides the county member. The Menai strait is 33 VOL. i. 33 crossed by a fine suspension bridge, one of the earliest and most perfect specimens of this style of structure, also by the Britannia tubular bridge of the Chelsea and Holyhead railway, one of the great triumphs of modern science and enterprise. (See BRIDGE.) Anglesea was known to the Romans as Mona, and was the last stronghold of the Druids, of whose religion various cromlechs and other remains are still extant. On the N". W. end of the island is the smaller island of Holyhead. ANGLESEY, Earl of. See ANNESLEY. ANGLESEY, Henry William Paget, first marquis of, and second earl of Uxbridge, a British gen- eral, born May 17, 1768, died April 29, 1854. He received his education at Westminster and at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1793 he raised a regiment of infantry at his own expense among Lis father's tenantry in Staffordshire, with which he served in the campaign in Flan- ders; and in 1799 he commanded a regiment of cavalry in Holland, and ultimately became the most distinguished cavalry officer in the service. In 1808 he joined Sir John Moore in Spain, as commander of the two cavalry brig- ades. He defeated the French at Mayaga, and repulsed their advanced guard at Benevente, where he took Gen. Lefebvre-Desnouettes pris- oner, and covered Sir John Moore's celebrated retreat, which ended in the battle of Corunna, where a charge by him decided the fate of the day. Returning to England in 1809, he did not serve again till the battle of Waterloo,, where he commanded the heavy cavalry, and headed the terrible British charge that annihi- lated the French cuirassiers. In this action he lost a leg. He had inherited the earldom of Uxbridge in 1812, and on July 4, 1815, he was created marquis of Anglesey. At the corona- tion of George IV. he was lord high steward of England. In 1827 he became a member of Canning's cabinet as master general of the ord- nance, and in 1828, under Wellington, lord lieutenant of Ireland. In these offices he was exceedingly popular from the impartiality of his administration, while his firmness secured him the respect of all. In December, 1828, in a letter to Archbishop Curtis, the Roman Catholic pri- mate of Ireland, he expressed opinions so favor- able to Catholic emancipation that his recall was determined upon, and he quitted Dublin Dec. 19, amid the regret of all classes. In. 1830, under Earl Grey, he was restored to his post. The severe measures now employed against O'Connell's repeal agitation destroyed his former popularity in Ireland, and led to the overthrow of Earl Grey's ministry and his own retirement in 1833. In 1846 he again became master general of the ordnance, and was made field marshal. He finally retired from office in 1852. He married in 1795 the daughter of the fourth earl of Jersey, from whom he was di- vorced in 1810, and soon afterward married Lady Cowley, daughter of the first earl of Ca- dogan, who had also just been divorced. Hia former wife soon married the duke of Argyll.