Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/519

 ANDKOIDES ANDRONICUS 487 with the lion, which he used afterward to lead about Rome. ANDROIDES. See AUTOMATON. ANDROMACHE, the daughter of Eetion, king of Cilician Thebe and wife of Hector, by whom she had a son named Scamandrius or Astyanax. She lost her father and her seven brothers at the capture of Thebe, her husband in the defence of Troy, and her son on the fall of the latter city, when she became the prize of Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, to whom she bore three sons, Molossus, Pielius, and Perga- mus. On the death of Pyrrhus she became the wife of Helenus, brother of Hector and ruler of Chaonia, a part of Epirus, by whom she had a son called Cestrinus. ANDROMEDA, a mythical princess, daughter of Cepheus the Ethiopian king and Oassiopea. Her mother having boasted that the beauty of her daughter surpassed that of the nereids, the latter prevailed on Neptune to afflict the country with a deluge and a sea monster. The oracle of Ammon promised that if Andromeda was surrendered to the monster, Ethiopia should be released. The princess was chained to a rock by the shore, and rescued by Perseus, who slew the monster and married Andro- meda. Phineus, to whom she had previously been promised, attempted during the celebra- tion of the nuptials to slay Perseus and carry off the bride, but was himself killed with all his associates. After her death, Andromeda was translated to the firmament and placed among the stars. ANDRONICUS, the name of four emperors of Constantinople. Andronieus I. Comnenns, grand- son of Alexis I., born in 1110, died Sept. 12, 1185. He distinguished himself by his martial ability, dissolute conduct, and romantic adven- tures. In his youth he served against the Turks, was for some time a prisoner, and was afterward appointed to the military command of Cilicia. He besieged Mopsuestia, and though his campaign was unsuccessful, he was rewarded by his cousin the emperor Manuel with new hon- ors. He engaged in a treasonable correspon- dence with the king of Hungary, and was im- prisoned twelve years in a tower of the palace. Escaping after two unsuccessful attempts, he reached Kiev in Russia, persuaded the grand duke Yaroslav to form an alliance with Manuel against the Hungarians, and for this was par- doned, but was afterward exiled to a command on the Cilician frontier. At the head of a band of adventurers, he undertook the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and, after roving lawlessly through Persia and Turkey, at length fixed his residence at (Enoe, a city of Pontus. On the death of Manuel the populace called him to the purple. He put to death the son and widow of Manuel (1183), but was strict in dispensing justice among the people. A popular rising in fuvor of his kinsman Isaac Angelus put an end to his career, and he was murdered by the populace with slow tortures. Andronicns II. Palaeologus, the Elder, born in 1258, died Feb. 13, 1332. He was crowned emperor in his 15th year, and held the title nine years as the colleague, and from 1282 to 1328 as the suc- cessor of his father Michael. In his reign Osman, the founder of the Ottoman empire, effected the conquest of Bithynia, and advanced within sight of Constantinople. Andronieus invited for his assistance from the west a multitude of Catalans, who defeated the Turks in two great battles, but were themselves driven out only after great trouble. His own grandson, Andronieus III., compelled him to abdicate in 1328, and shut him up in a mon- astery, where he died four years afterward. Andronicns III. Palaeologns, the Younger, grand- son of the preceding, born in 1296, died June 15, 1341. He revolted against his grand- father in 1321, was made his colleague in 1325, but again revolted and deposed him in 1328. He reconquered Chios from the Genoese (1329), and took Epirus from the Albanians (1337). In 1330 the Turks took Nicsea and made it their capital, and Andronieus joined the fruitless alliance of the western powers against them. He was also at war with the Catalans in Greece, and more successfully with the Bulgarians, Kiptchak Tartars, and Servians. His internal administration was moderate and conciliatory. He left the empire and his infant heir John under the guardianship of John Can- tacuzenus. Andronicns IV. Palaeologns, grandson of the preceding, governed the empire in the absence of his father John VI., afterward con- spired with the son of the sultan Murad to murder their fathers, and was captured and partially blinded. Escaping from a long im- prisonment by the aid of the Genoese, he brought about a division of the empire between his father and himself, Andronieus making Selymbria his capital. The dates of these events are very uncertain. On the death of John VI. in 1391, Andronieus gave way to his brother Manuel II., and died a monk. ANDRONICUS. I. Living, the most ancient of the Latin poets, died about 221 B. C. He was an Italian Greek, whom the fortune of war had thrown into the hands of the Romans, and made the slave of M. Livius Salinator. His master gave him his liberty, and with it his own name of Livius. Andronieus then settled in Rome, acquired a perfect knowledge of the Latin language, and became a voluminous writer of dramatic and other poetry. But few frag- ments of his works have come down to us, of which the best edition is that of Duntzer (Ber- lin, 1835). Cicero considered them not worth reading. Horace avows that he would hdve contemplated their destruction with regret II. Of Rhodes, a Peripatetic philosopher who flourished in the middle of the 1st century B. C. He is chiefly celebrated as the editor of Aris- totle's works, to which he gave that arrange- ment which is to a great extent retained in the present editions. He wrote a general work on Aristotle, which contained a complete cata- logue of his writings, and commentaries on