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 468 ANCIENNE LORETTE tures which form it, are frequent causes of anchylosis. This result, though never desirable, is at times unavoidable, and the most favorable termination that can be expected. The treat- ment is of three kinds, preventive, precaution- ary, and remedial. Anchylosis may be pre- vented by moving the joint at proper times, the parts which surround it being in this way kept from contracting. As regards precaution- ary treatment, where anchylosis is inevitable, the surgeon should always endeavor to place the part in such a position as that it shall be most useful to the patient; e. g., a nearly straight position for the knee, a bent position for the elbow. To remedy the resulting de- formity or inconvenience, the contracted parts may be stretched gradually by proper appara- tus, or they may be stretched and ruptured suddenly ; and some which refuse thus to yield may in appropriate cases be divided by a nar- row-bladed knife passed subcutaneously. The above treatment can be practised only where the anchylosis is of the false kind; if it be true, a portion of the bone at or near the joint may be removed, and the parts be allowed to stiffen in a more convenient position, or an attempt may be made to form a new joint by keeping up motion. Where the limb is useless and inconvenient, it may be advisable to re- move it. ANCIENNE LORETTE, a village of Canada, 7 m. W. S. W. of Quebec ; pop. in 1871, 2,333. It is a place of historical interest, as the refuge of a portion of the Huron Indians after they were defeated and driven from the E. shore of Lake Huron, about 1650. There are now about 250 of them, chiefly employed in making moccasins and snow shoes. AN< Il.l.ov I. David, a French Protestant divine, born in Metz, March 18, 1617, died in Berlin, Sept. 3, 1692. He was the son of a lawyer, and received his first education at a college of Jesuits, who endeavored in vain to convert him to Catholicism. After completing his studies at Geneva, he was pastor at Cha- renton, and afterward at Meaux (1641-'53) and at Metz (KJoS-'SS). On the revocation of the edict of Nantes he went to Frankfort-on-the- Main, and was afterward pastor in that city, at Hanau, and in Berlin. He wrote Apologie de Luther, de Zwingle, de Calvin et de Beze (Hanau, 1666), and several other small works. II. Charles, a French author, son of the pre- ceding, born in Metz, July 28, 1659, died in Berlin, July 5, 1715. He graduated as a law- yer in Paris, failed to obtain from Louis XIV. the exemption of the Metz Protestants from the revocation of the edict of Nantes, though the persecutions were somewhat relaxed, and subsequently joined his father in Berlin, where the elector o Brandenburg placed him at the head of the French refugees, and subsequently sent him as minster to Switzerland. After being employed (lt>95-'99) by the landgrave of Baden-Durlach, the king of Prussia appoint- ed him historiographer and chief of police. ANCONA Among his works are Histoire de Vetablisse- ment des Francais refugies dans les titats de Brandebourg (Berlin, 1690), and Histoire de la me de Soliman II. (Rotterdam, 1706). III. Lndwig Friedrich, grandson of the preceding, born in Berlin in 1740, died June 13, 1814. He was pastor of the French community in Berlin, counsellor of the upper consistory, and author of various writings. IV. Joliaun Peter Frledrieh, a Prussian statesman and historian, son of the preceding, born in Berlin, April 30, 1767, died there, April 19, 1837. After gradu- ating at the university of Geneva, he was ap- pointed pastor of the French church in Berlin (1790), and professor of history in the military academy (1792). In 1793 he travelled through Switzerland and France. In 1801 he published Melanges de litterature et de philosophic. Two years later followed his most important histor- ical work, the Tableau des revolutions du sys- teme politique de V Europe depuis le 15"" siecle (afterward translated by himself into German). This was followed by his works Ueber Staats- wissenschaft (1819), Ueber Glauben und Wissen in der Philosophic (1824), and other writings. ANCKARSTROEM, or Ankarstri>m, Julian Jakob, the assassin of Gustavus III. of Sweden, born about 1760, executed at Stockholm, April 29, 1792. The son of a superior officer, he became a page at the court of Gustavus, and subsequently ensign in the royal body guard ; but in 1783 he withdrew from military service, and settled into country life. As a partisan of the old aristocratic party he vehemently op- posed the measures of the king, who followed up his work, begun on his accession, of restrict' ing the power of the senate and the nobility. He became implicated in the seditious move- ments of the island of Gothland, and was tried for treason in 1790, but acquitted for want of evidence. The same year he engaged in a con- spiracy with General Pechlin, Count Horn, Count Ribbing, Baron Bjelke, Colonel Liljehorn, and other discontented nobles, to kill the kinp; and on casting lots who should execute the deed, the choice fell upon Anckarstroem. On the night of March 15, 1792, at a masked ball, he shot the king, inflicting a fatal wound. Anckarstroem was at once arrested, tried, con- victed, and sentenced, first to be ignominiously flogged, and then to die on the scaffold. He met his fate with great firmness, exulting to the last in the righteousness of his course, and re- fusing to disclose the names of his accomplices. ANCLAM. See ANKLAH. ANCONA. I. One of the four provinces of the department of the Marches, Italy, bounded E. by the Adriatic and traversed by branches of the Apennines, with fertile valleys, and by the small rivers Misa, Esino, and Musone; area, about 740 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 262,359. Almost the whole province is under cultivation. It is rich in cattle, cereals, hemp, tobacco, wine, oil, and fruit, and produces some silk. II. A fortified city and free port, capital of the above prov- ince, on the Adriatic, 132 m. N. E. of Rome ;