Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/349

 ALLEGHANY COLLEGE ALLEGIANCE 325 ington. II. A N. W. county of North Caro- lina, bordering on Virginia, bounded W. by New river, a branch of the Kanawha, and E. and S. by the Blue Ridge mountains; area, 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,691. There are mines of copper. The productions in 1870 were 7,988 bushels of wheat, 43,369 of corn, and 21,496 of oats. Capital, Gap Civil. ALLEGHANY COLLEGE. See MEADVILLE. ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. See APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. ALLEGHANY RIVER rises in Potter county, N. Pennsylvania, flows circuitously westward through New York, returns to Pennsylvania, and after a southerly course unites at Pitts- burgh with the Monongahela river to. form the Ohio. It flows through a hilly country, abound- ing in pine forests and coal. The river is nav- igable for small steamboats to Olean, N. Y., 240 m. from its mouth and about 45 m. from its source, and to Waterford, Pa., on French creek, its principal tributary, 14 m. from Lake Erie. Its chief tributary from the east is the Conemaugh. The principal towns along its course are Warren, Kittanning, Franklin, and Oil City. The Alleghany separates Pittsburgh from Allegheny City. ALLEGHENY, a S. W. county of Pennsylva- nia; area, 750 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 262,204. Near the centre of the county the Ohio is formed by the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. The Youghiogheny and several creeks also drain it. Near the rivers the surface is broken into ravines ; most of the upland is hilly and very picturesque. Nearly all of the county is arable. The productions in 1870 were 325,331 bushels of wheat, 674,916 of corn, 1,111,269 of oats, 78,372 of rye, 69,946 of barley, 769,144 of potatoes, 308,475 Ibs. of wool, 1,223,744 of butter, and 64,730 tons of hay. Bituminous coal is found in the county, and iron, glass, wool, &c., are extensively man- ufactured. The valuation of personal property in 1870 was $12,367,611. Allegheny is the sec- ond county in importance in the state. Capi- tal, Pittsburgh. ALLEGHENY CITY, a manufacturing city of Allegheny county, Pa., opposite Pittsburgh, on the W. side of the Alleghany river, at its junc- tion with the Monongahela ; pop. in 1860, 28,702; in 1870, 53,180. The city contains many elegant residences of persons doing busU ness in Pittsburgh. It has one weekly news- paper, and one semi-monthly and one monthly periodical. The Western theological seminary of the Presbyterian church was established here in 1827. Before the union it was under the control of the Old School Presbyterians. In 1868 there were 5 professors and 70 students, 935 graduates, and the endowment amounted to $184,800. The theological seminary of the United Presbyterian church, established in 1826, and the Allegheny theological institute, organized in 1840 by the synod of the Reformed Presbyterian church, are also situated here. In 1868 the former had 3 professors, 36 stu- dents, 426 graduates, and 2,000 volumes in the library. The western penitentiary, an immense building in the ancient Norman style, situated on the " common " of Allegheny City, was com- pleted in 1827 at a cost of $183,000. In 1868 it had 463 inmates, employed in weaving, shoe- making, and the manufacture of cigars ; earnings, $27,013. The city contains 12 schools, 2 national banks, 10 savings banks, 1 real estate bank, and 1 trust company ; 4 rolling mills, employing 1,155 hands ; 5 cotton mills, with 1,050 hands; 11 ale and beer breweries, averaging 20 men each ; 6 founderies and machine shops, averaging 30 men each ; 1 blast furnace, with 70 men ; and 1 steel factory, with 250 hands. The Pittsburgh loco- motive works employ 380 hands and complete one locomotive a week. There are 45 churches, of which 16 are Presbyterian, 9 Catholic, 8 Methodist, 3 Baptist, 3 Lutheran, 2 Episcopal, and 1 each Congregational, Disciples', and Re- formed. The charitable institutions are the home for the friendless, the widows' home association, the house of industry, and tho orphan asylum. There is a soldiers' monument which cost $37,000. The city park contains an area of 100 acres. The assessed value of prop- erty in 1871 was $8,434,636. ALLEGIANCE (Lat. alligare, to bind to), the subject's duty of obedience to the sovereign under whose protection he is. Allegiance is correlative with protection, and the duty of allegiance is in return for and in consideration of the fact of protection. Therefore, when the sovereign can no longer protect the subject, his allegiance ceases ; and on this principle the duty is discharged by conquest or by cession of the sovereign's territory by treaty. Natural allegiance arises from the fact of birth within the territorial domain and actual protection by the sovereign. But actual allegiance is due even by an alien to the sovereign of the state in which he is ; though, by comity of nations, there is an exception to this rule in favor of foreign sovereigns and ambassadors and their suites, and of the officers and crews of foreign war ships, and of foreign armies when they are permitted to pass through the state. As alle- giance is the highest of the citizen's obligations, so the violation of it is the highest of crimes, or treason. The principle that allegiance is due to the actual sovereign has been carried so far as to make acts treasons though they were done against a usurper; and Blackstone says that on this ground, after Edward IV. recov- ered the crown, treasons committed against Henry VI. were capitally punished, though Henry had been declared a usurper by parlia- ment. On the other hand, but on the same principle at common law, and .until a statute was passed for their naturalization, the chil- dren of English subjects born abroad, that is, out of the king's domain and protection, were aliens. But the most important quality at- tached by the common law to the doctrine of allegiance was that it was indissoluble. The principle was shortly expressed in the familiar