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 324 ALLAN ALLEGHANY In 1755 he entered as an apprentice the art academy of Kobert Foulis in Glasgow, and in 1764 went to Eome, where in 1773 he obtain- ed from the academy of St Luke the gold medal for the best historical drawing. His earliest humorous productions were four sketches of the carnival at Eome. He settled in Edinburgh; and in 1786, after the death of Runciman, he was appointed master of the academy of arts. About the same time he commenced 12 illustrations of Allan Ramsay's "Gentle Shepherd," which he subsequently engraved in aquatint. He also made some designs from the lyrics of Burns. ALLAN, Sir William, a Scottish historical painter, born in Edinburgh in 1782, died Feb. 22, 1850. Failing to obtain patronage in Lon- don, he went to Russia, where he spent ten years, and made visits to the Crimea, Circassia, and Turkey. In 1814 he returned to Edin- burgh, where he became intimate with Sir Walter Scott, through whose influence his pic- ture of the " Circassian Captives " was purchased by subscription for 1,000 guineas. In 1841 he once more went to St. Petersburg, where he executed for the emperor a painting of " Peter the Great teaching his Subjects the Art of Ship- building," now in the winter palace. In 1826 he was made an associate of the royal academy at London, and in 1835 an academician. He was president of the royal Scottish academy from 1838 till his death. ALLAN-KARDEC, Hippolyte Leon Unii/anl. a French spiritualist, born in Lyons, Oct. 8, 1803, died April 1, 1869. He established in 1858 a periodical review on spiritualism (Revue spi- rite), and the societe parisienne des etudes spi- rites. His principal works are: Le litre des esprits (2 ed., 1860); Le livre des mediums; and Limitation de Vfivangile selon le spiri- tualisme (1864). ALLARD, Jean Francois, a French soldier, born at St. Tropez, Provence, in 1785, died in Pesh- awer, Jan. 23, 1839. In 1815 he served on the staff of Marshal Brune, after whose murder he went to Egypt, and thence to Persia, where he entered the service of Abbas Mirza. In 1820 he went to Lahore, and took service under Runjeet Singh, by whom he was finally made commander-in-chief of his army. He organized and disciplined the troops after the French model, and gained many victories. In 1835 he revisited France, accompanied by his family, and was received with distinguished honors, Louis Philippe appointing him charge d'affaires in Lahore. ALLARDICE, Robert Barclay. See BARCLAY. ALLEGAN, a W. S. W. county of Michigan, on Lake Michigan ; area, 840 sq. in. ; pop. in 1870, 32,105. The Kalamazoo river (navigable by small steamboats) intersects it, and it is drained by the Black and Babbit rivers. The soil is a deep black alluvium on the river margins, and in some other parts sand and clay predominate ; the surface is undulating and mostly covered with forests. In the S. W. part is a quarry of good limestone. Several lines of railroad tra- verse the county. The productions in 1870 were 338,243 bushels of wheat, 376,974 of corn, 205,219 of oats, 20,973 of barley, 267,795 of potatoes, 129,223 Ibs. of wool, 476,065 of but- ter, 127,336 of maple sugar, and 27,453 tons of hay. There were 167 school houses. The capital, Allegan, is built on both sides of Kala- mazoo river, 145 m. W. by N. of Detroit, and has a considerable trade in lumber. ALLEGAJVY. I. A W. S. W. county of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania ; area, 1,045 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 40,814. The Gene- see river and its tributaries furnish motive power for numerous mills. On each side of the Genesee valley the country rises until it becomes table land in the E. and "W. parts. The productions in 1870 were 195,721 bushels of wheat, 800,600 of oats, 16,434 of rye, 135,850 of corn, 96,554 of buckwheat, 29,558 of barley, 384,687 of potatoes, 492,568 Ibs. of maple su- gar, 410,168 of wool, 1,908,721 of butter, 220,- 880 of cheese, and 134,797 tons of hay. There are numerous saw and grist mills, tanneries, &c. Bog iron ore and limestone are obtained. The New York and Erie railroad and the Gen- esee canal pass through the county. Capital, Belmont. II. A W. county of Maryland, border- ing on Virginia and Pennsylvania, bounded by the Potomac and its north branch ; area, 800 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 38,536, of whom 1,166 were colored. The Youghiogheny river intersects its W. part, and it is drained by several creeks. The main AHeghany mountains and several smaller ridges traverse it, and its surface is rocky and broken. Limestone, sandstone, iron ore, and coal abound, the last being extensively mined at Cumberland. The glades or valleys in the mountains furnish the celebrated glades butter and mutton. The Baltimore and Ohio and Pittsburgh and Connellsville railroads and the Chesapeake and Ohio canal pass through the county. The productions in 1870 were 70,404 bushels of wheat, 45,090 of rye, 116,062 of corn, 206,589 of oats, 47,935 Ibs. of wool, 337,- 639 of butter, and 70,454 of maple sugar. There are numerous manufacturing establish- ments. Capital, Cumberland. ALLEGHMY. I. A W. county of Virginia, bordering on West Virginia, and bounded N. W. by the main chain of the Alleghanies and S. E. by Middle mountain ; area, 500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,674, of whom 579 were colored. Jackson's river unites with Cow Pasture river on the E. border to form the James. The pas- sage of Jackson's river through one of the mountains affords fine scenery. Peters and the Warm Spring mountains extend through the centre of the county. Iron ore is found, and the Red Sweet Springs have some celeb- rity. The Chesapeake and Ohio railroad pass- es through Covington, which is beautifully situated on Jackson's river. The produc- tions in 1870 were 24,843 bushels of wheat, 50,695 of corn, 31,991 of oats, 25,747 Ibs. of tobacco, and 40,690 of butter. Capital, Cov-