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 ABBOTT ABBREVIATIONS 11 tional church at Farmington, Me., in 1860. He was settled as pastor of the first Congre- gational church in Terre Haute, Ind., the same year, and remained there till 1865, when he was chosen secretary of the American union (freedmen's) commission, and held that office till 1868. He was also pastor of the New England church in New York city from 1866 to 1869, when he resigned, to devote himself to literature. He was associated with his bro- thers in the production of two novels, and has also published " The Results of Emancipation in the United States" (1867), "Jesus of Naza- reth: His Life and Teachings" (1869), and " Old Testament Shadows of New Testament Truths " (1870). He has edited two volumes of " Sermons by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher," and "Morning and Evening Exercises," selected from the writings of the same author. He is now (1872) the editor of the " Literary Record " of " Harper's Monthly Magazine," and editor- in-chief of "The Illustrated Christian Week- ly," published by the American tract society. VII. Edward, brother of the preceding, born in Farmington, Me., July 15, 1841. He was edu- cated in New York, has contributed to period- ical and other literature, and is one of the editors of "The Congregationalist," a leading Congregational newspaper published in Boston. ABBOTT, Charles, Lord Tenterden, an English lawyer, born Oct. 7, 1762, died Nov. 4, 1832, He was appointed lord chief justice of the king's bench in 1818, and in 1827 was created a peer as Baron Tenterden. His treatise on maritime law is a standard work. ABBREVIATIONS, certain contractions' of va- rious words and phrases, effected by omitting some of the letters or syllables. The object in view is the saving of time and space. They are found in every written language, but since the art of printing was discovered are much less used. The Romans called them notes, and Lucius Annseus Seneca made a list of them, embracing upward of 5,000. The abbrevia- tions in most ordinary use are those of names and titles. Physicians and lawyers use them largely for the sake of despatch. The Jewish writers not only throw out letters and sylla- bles, but often omit everything except the initial letter. They even take the initials of a continuous series of words, and, uniting them with the aid of vowels, make new words standing in the place of all those thus abridged. The monks of the middle ages used so many abbreviations in copying the works of the Greek and Latin writers, that only experienced persons can decipher them. The Germans use them to a greater extent than any other nation, for words in common use. Many words in modern languages originated in Latin ab- breviations, which illiterate persons mistook for the words themselves. The following are the principal abbreviations in common use : A. B. Artium Baccalaureus, A. C. Ante Christum, before Bachelor of Arts. Christ. Ab[ Archbishop. Acct. Account. A.M. Anno Domini, hi the year of our Lord. Adjt. Adjutant. Ad lib. Ad libitum, at pleas- ure. Adm. Admiral. Admr. Administrator. Admx. Administratrix. Mi. or JDtat. ^Etatis, of age. A. G. Adjutant General A. H. Anno Hegirse, in the year of the Hegira. Ala. Alabama. A. M. Anno mundi, in the year of the world ; Ante me- ridiem, before noon ; Artium Magister, Master of Arts. A. R. A. Associate of the Royal Academy. Ark. Arkansas. A. U. C. Anno urbis conditse, or Ab urbe condita, in the year from the building of the city (Rome). B. A. Bachelor of Arts. Bart, or Bt. Baronet. Bbl. Barrel. B. C. Before Christ. B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. B. I. British India. B. L. Bachelor of Law. Bp. Bishop Brig. Gen. Brigadier General. Bush. Bushel. B. V. Blessed Virgin. B.V.M. Blessed Virgin Mary. C. Centigrade (thermometer). Cal. California. Cap. Capitulum, chapter. Capt. Captain. C. B. Companion of the Bath ; Cape Breton. C. E. Civil Engineer. Cent. Centum, hundred. Cf. Conferre, compare. Chap. Chapter. Chron. Chronicles. C. J. Chief Justice. C. O. D. Collect (or cash) on delivery. C. G. H. Cape of Good Hope. Col. Colonel ; Colossians ; Col- orado. Conn, or Ct. Connecticut. Cor. Corinthians. Cor. Sec. Corresponding Sec- retary. Coss. Cpnsules, consuls. C. R. Civis Romanus. a Ro- man citizen. Cr. Creditor. O. T. Colorado Territory. Ct. or Conn. Connecticut. Cwt. Hundred weight. D. (<?.). Denarius, denarii, a penny, pence. D. C. "District of Columbia. D. C. L. Doctor of Civil Law. D. D. Doctor of Divinity. Del. Delaware ; delineavit, drew it. Deut. Deuteronomy. D. F. Defensor fidei, defend- er of the faith. D. G. Dei gratia, by the grace of God. Do. Ditto (Ital., said), the same. Dr. Doctor; debtor. D. T. Dakota Territory. D. V. Deo volente, God will- ing. Dwt. Pennyweight. E. East. Eccl. or Eecles. Ecclesiastes. Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. E. E. Errors excepted. E. g., or Ex. gr. Exempli gratia, for example. E. I. East India, or East In- dies. Eph. Ephosians. E*L Esdras. Esq. Esquire. Et al. Et alii, or allos, and others. Etc. Etcetera, and so forth. Et seq. Et sequentes, or se- quentia, and the succeeding. Ex. or Exod. Exodus. Exr. Executor. Ezek. Ezekiel. F., or Fahr. Fahrenheit. F. and A. M. Free and Ac- cepted Masons. F. A. S. Fellow of the Anti- quarian Society. F. D. Fidei defcnsor, defend- er of the faith. F. G. 8. Fellow of the Geo- logical Society. Fla. or Flor. Florida. F. R. G. S. Fellow of the Roy- al Geographical Society. F. R. A. S. Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society ; L., of London ; E., of Edinburgh; D., of Dublin. F. S. A. Fellow of the Soci- ety of Antiquaries. Ga. Georgia. Gal. Galatians. G. C. B. Grand Cross of the Bath. Gen. General; Genesis. G. M. Grand Master. Gov. Governor. Hab. Habakkuk. Hag. Haggai. H. B. M. His or Her Britan- nic Majesty. Heb. Hebrews. Hhd. Hogshead. H. I. H. His or Her Imperial Highness. H. M. S. His or Her Majesty's ship. Hon. Honorable. Hos. Hosea. H. R. House of Representa- tives. H. R. H. His or Her Royal Highness. la. Iowa, (This should not be used lor Indiana, but Ind.) Ib. or Ibid. Ibidem, in the same place. Id. Idem, the same. Id. T. Idaho Territory. I. e. Id est, that is. I. H. S. Jesus Hominum Sal- vator, Jesus (lesus) the Sa- viour of men. (Said to have originated from a misread- ing of the Greek IH2 for 'IH2OY2, Jesus.) 111. Illinois. Incog. Incognito, unknown. Ind. Indiana. Ind. T. Indian Territory. In st. Instant, of the present month. I. O. O. F. Independent Or- der of Odd Fellows. I. O. U. I owe you. Isa. Isaiah. I. T. Idaho Territory ; Indian Territory. (Better, Id. T. and Ind. T.) Jam. Jamaica. Jer. Jeremiah. JJ. Justices. Josh. Joshua. J. P. Justice of the Peace. J. U. D. Juris utriusque doc- tor, doctor of both canon and civil law. Jud. Judith. Judg. Judges. Kan. Kansas. K. B. Knight of the Bath. K. C. B. Knight Commander of the Bath. K. G. Knight of the Garter.