Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/282

 258 ALBUQUERQUE drinking, but especially in the use of fermented and distilled liquors, is the great cause of chronic albuminuria, in cases where it is not consequent upon the acute disease. One form of the dis- ease is so commonly associated with the gouty diathesis, that it has been named by Dr. Todd the gouty kidney ; but the same form of dis- ease is often found in those who have never known gout. It occurs most frequently in those of strumous habits, and, at least in hos- pital cases, it is no uncommon attendant upon consumption. Exposure to cold and wet, fa- tigue, want, and mental anxiety, may all be put down as occasional causes ; yet many cases occur in which we are unable to trace the ori- gin of the complaint. In the so-called granular degeneration of the kidney, the organs in ad- vanced stages of the disease are very much contracted, so as not to be more than one third or one fourth of their natural size. They have a granular appearance ; the capsule is denser and whiter than natural, and is peeled off with difficulty. On cutting open the kidney, the wasting is found to have taken place mainly at the expense of the cortical substance, which is contracted and atrophied, and presents the same granular appearance which is observed upon the surface. In the waxy kidney the or- gan is enlarged sometimes to twice its natural size. It is of a pale buff color, and presents when cut no trace of granulations ; on exami- nation under the microscope the tissue of the organ is found to be filled with an unorganized fibrinous exudation, and the tubes contain a similar deposit, in the form of waxy casts iden- tical with those which microscopic examina- tion detects in the urine. The fatty kidney is enlarged, the surface of the organ is smooth and pale, or more commonly mottled by red vascular patches, and its texture feels softer than natural. On microscopic examination the convoluted tubes are found filled with oil globules. In chronic albuminuria, where neither dropsy nor other formidable complica- tion demands attention, the treatment consists rather in hygienic measures, in a careful direc- tion of the patient's clothing, diet, and exercise, than in active medication. Flannel should always be worn next the skin, and exposure to wet and colt 1 carefully shunned ; all inordinate exercise, whether of mind or body, and all ex- cess of every kind, should be forbidden; the diet should be nutritious, but moderation and regularity must be insisted on ; all fermented liquors should be avoided, though, where long habit has rendered their use necessary, the pa- tient may be left to choose the article which best agrees with him. ALBI QKRQl K, a town and fortress of Spain, in the proNunce and 25 m. N. of Badajoz, and 9 m. from tire Portuguese frontier; pop. 7,500. It is the sea&pf the dukes of Albuquerque, and has a large trkde in wool. ALKI <}l KKQl K (Port. Alboquerque), Affonso d', called the Great, and also the Portuguese Mars, one of the first Portuguese conquerors and second viceroy of India, born near Alhan- dra, in the province of Estremadura, in 1458, died at sea, in the bay of Goa, Dec. 16, 1515. He was brought up at the court of Alfonso V., where his father Gomjalo occupied a distin- guished position, and was afterward grand equerry of Kings John II. and Emanuel. He had already seen considerable military ser- vice, and distinguished himself both by land and sea, when in 1503 he sailed with his cousin Francisco, in command of a small fleet, to In- dia, by the newly discovered Cape of Good Hope passage. Having rendered important services to the king of Cochin, on the S. W. coast of India, the adventurers gained permis- sion to form a settlement in his dominions, which was the commencement of the Portu- guese power in the East. Albuquerque next (1506) accompanied Tristan da Cunha on an expedition to the E. coast of Africa. They carried on a successful warfare for some time against the Arabs and other inhabitants of that coast, until Albuquerque, being left in com- mand of a portion of the fleet by Da Cunha, determined on an attempt against the island of Ormuz, the great entrepot of the commerce between Persia and India. He was at first successful (Sept. 25, 1507), but the Persian commander, rallying his forces, repulsed him and drove him back to his ships. He was now joined by three more vessels, and sailed for India, having received a secret commission to supersede the Portuguese governor, Dom Fran- cisco d' Almeida; but the latter refused to re- cognize him, and threw him into prison. On the arrival of the grand marshal of Portugal with a large fleet, he was released and installed as governor and commander-in-chief. In an attempt against Calicut the grand marshal was killed and Albuquerque wounded and forced to retreat. He now made his way to Goa, which he seized in the absence of Ida! Khan, the ruling Arab prince, on an expedition into the Deccan (Feb. 17, 1510) ; but his force was too small to retain his conquest, and Idal Khan, having gathered an army, drove him out of the town, and forced him to retire to his ships, which were unable to cross the bar in the face of the monsoon till Aug. 15. In November he re- turned, stormed the city, and permanently es- tablished himself there. The next year, Diego de Vasconcellos having been ordered to lead an expedition against Malacca, Albuquerque seized and sent him back to Portugal, took command of the expedition himself, captured the town with a force of 1,000 against 30,000 natives and 8,000 cannon, and plundered it of an enormous booty. After remaining a year at Malacca, and establishing Portuguese power there, he sailed for Goa, and was shipwrecked on his voyage ; but he escaped with life, and on reaching the city repulsed an attempt to recover the place made by Idal Khan. His success struck such terror into the natives, that they submitted and left the Portuguese in peace- able enjoyment of their acquisitions. In pur-