Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/152

 132 ADRIANOPLE ADULTERATION In 1519 Adrian was left sole governor, and showed remarkable feebleness in his treatment of a powerful insurrection (war of the com- munities, or of the holy league) caused by oppressive taxes, and especially by the ex- cessive favors showered upon the Flemings, but which was finally suppressed by a council appointed by Charles V. He was elected pope in 1522, as successor of Leo X., and entered Rome Aug. 31. The simplicity which he in- troduced at the papal court, contrasted with the magnificence of his predecessor, excited contempt and discontent among the people; while his ecclesiastical reforms, and his hu- mility in acknowledging the errors of the papacy while dealing with the schism of Luther, were very distasteful to the clergy. He was the author of several pious works, in one of which, published after his accession, though written previously, he held that a pope might err even in matters of faith. ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis ; Turk. JEdirneh; Fr. Andrinople), a city of Euro- pean Turkey, capital of the vilayet of Edirneh, situated on the Maritza (the ancient Hebrus), in ancient Thrace, about 130 m. N. W. of Con- stantinople. The population is variously esti- mated from 100,000 to 150,000, at least one third of whom are Greeks, and tJhe rest Turks, Armenians, Jews, Franks, &c. The scenery of the city is beautiful; the gardens on the banks of the Maritza and the neighboring vil- lage of Hisekel, inhabited by the wealthy mer- chants, are delightful ; but the interior of the straggling city is, like that of most Turkish towns, dirty and desolate. Even the pictur- esque effect of the 40 mosques, among which is the famous one of Selira II., built of ma- terials furnished by the ruins of Famagosta in Cyprus, is impaired by the wretched surround- ings. The most capacious bazaar, named after Ali Pasha, is the centre of trade, which is con- siderable, the city being the focus of the whole of Thrace. It is also the residence of a gov- ernor general, a Greek archbishop, foreign consuls, and missionaries. Wool, silks, cot- ton, dyestuffs, carpets, opium, and attar of roses are the principal articles of commerce. Quince preserve is one of the special products of Adrianople. The town was founded by the emperor Hadrian, and soon attained great com- mercial and military importance. It was the scene of famous encounters in the times of the Romans, the Byzantine empire, and the cru- sades. Frederick Barbarossa concluded a treaty there in 1190 with the Greeks, and Baldwin I. was defeated and captured in the city in 1205 by the Bulgarians. Taken by the sultan Mu- rad I. in 1361, it remained the Turkish capital until the taking of Constantinople in 1453. Charles XII. spent some time in 1713 in the neighboring castle of Timurtash, previous to his residing at Demotika. In 1829 Adrianople was,captured by the Russian general' Diebitsch, and a treaty of peace was signed thete on Sept. 14, 1829, between Russia and Turk^", in virtue of which the Danubian principalities were re- stored to the Porte. The Pruth, and from its mouth the Danube, were made the dividing line between the two countries, and the boundaries of their respective Asiatic possessions were agreed upon. Russia obtained the privilege of trading with all parts of the Turkish empire, the navigation of the Danube, the Black sea, and the Mediterranean, and the passage of the Dardanelles, upon the same terms with the most favored nations, besides a full indemnity for her war expenses. ADRIATIC SEA, the portion of the Mediter- ranean lying between Italy on the W. and Turkey and Austria on the E., takes its name from the city of Adria. Its length from the strait of Otranto (which connects it with the Ionian sea) to the head of the gulf of Trieste is about 500 m. ; its average width about 130 m., which, northward from the mouth of the Po, is reduced to about 60 m. by the peninsula of Istria. The Adriatic receives few rivers of im- portance, except the Adige and the Po. The western coast is generally flat and swampy; its harbors are few and poor. The eastern shores are steep and rocky, and the numerous islands along the Dalmatian coast furnish ves- sels a safe shelter from storms. The north- western part of the Adriatic is known as the gulf of Venice, the northeastern as the gulf of Trieste. On the Neapolitan coast lies the gulf of Manfredonia, on the Dalmatian the gulf of Cattaro, and on the Albanian that of Drino. During summer the navigation of the Adriatic is usually free from danger, but the S. E. winds that blow in winter produce disastrous ship- wrecks. Its depth between Dalmatia and the outlets of the Po is 22 fathoms ; but opposite Venice, and in a considerable portion of the gulf of Trieste, it is less than 12 fathoms. To the southward it deepens rapidly. Its waters are more salt than those of the Atlantic. The tides are almost imperceptible. There can be little doubt that the dimensions of the Adri- atic were formerly much greater than at pres- ent, and that they have been contracted by the deposits of mud made by the* streams that empty into it. On the western coast several lagoons produced by sand bars are being rapidly transformed into meadows by this process. The original depth of the Adriatic has likewise been diminished by the accumulations of sandy marl and testaceous incrustations at the bottom. ADl'LLAM, a town of ancient Palestine, in the lowland of Judah, the seat of a Canaanitish king before the Hebrew conquest. It was fortified by King Rehoboam. Its location, like that of the "cave of Adullam," where David hid when pursued by the Philistines, has not yet been sufficiently identified. ADULTERATION, a term applied to the de- terioration of different articles of food, drugs, &c., by mixing them with cheap and inferior substances. The microscope has become a very important instrument in detecting fraudulent mixtures. In wheat flour it detects the mix-