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 ADAM against Napoleon, and subsequently entered the service of Eugene Beauharnais, viceroy of Italy, and painted the battle scene of Lobau. He accompanied Eugene in the campaign of 1812 as far as Moscow. After the peace he pre- pared a series of drawings illustrative of Eu- gene's military career, now in the Leuchten- berg gallery, St. Petersburg. He also painted several grand battle pieces, besides his Voyage pittoresque militaire in 120 lithographs, illus- trating the Russian campaign. He finally set- tled in Munich, under King Louis, for whom he painted the battle of the Moskva. ADAM, Alexander, a Scottish teacher and gram- marian, born in Murrayshire in June, 1741, died Dec. 18, 1809. He acquired learning amid difficulties, and in 1768 was appointed rector of the high school of Edinburgh, which office he filled for 40 years. He wrote " Principles of Latin and English Grammar," "Roman An- tiquities," "Summary of Geography and His- tory, both Ancient and Modern," and "Clas- sical Biography," all of which were long in general use in Europe and America. ADAM OF BREMEN, a German missionary and chronicler, from 1067 canon and schoolmaster at Bremen, died there about 1076. He is the author of Historic/, Ecclesiastica, which is the principal literary authority respecting the north- ern nations of that period. It is also called Gesta Hammdburgensis Ecclesm Pontificum, from containing a chronological record of the episcopal see of Hamburg from 788 to 1072. A part of his materials was furnished by King Sweyn Estrithson (1047-'76) of Denmark. His MS. was first discovered in a Danish mon- astery, and published at Copenhagen in 1579. An improved and enlarged edition forms the 9th volume of Pertz's Monumenta Germanics Historica, and this became the basis of Lau- rent's German translation (Berlin, 1850). Adam also wrote De Situ Dariice (Stockholm, 1615; Hamburg, 1706; German, Bremen, 1825). As- mussen published at Kiel, in 1834, De Fontibus Adami Bremensis. ADAM DE LA HALLE, a trouvere of the 13th century, died at Naples about 1286. He was born at Arras, a town celebrated for its poets and minstrels, and was surnamed the Hunch- back of Arras. He went to Naples in the suite of Robert II., count of Artois, in 1282. His pieces were not merely songs, but of a dramatic character, and he may be considered one of the founders of the French drama. His works have been published in various collections. ADAMAWA, the Mohammedan name, while Fumbina is the pagan one, of a country of cen- tral Africa visited and described for the first time by Dr. Earth in the summer of 1851. It lies between lat. 6 30' and 11 30' N., and Ion. 11 and 16 E. It is about 200 m. long from S.W. to N. E. ; its breadth seldom exceeds 70 m. Its capital is Yola, near the N.W. bor- der, a city of about 12,000 inhabitants, where the governor, who owes allegiance to the Foo- lah sultan of Sackatoo, resides. It is a Moham- 7 VOL. i. 7 ADAMS 81 medan sub-kingdom engrafted upon a mixed stock of pagan tribes, the conquest of the valorous and fanatic Foolah chieftain Adama (whence the name Adamawa) over the great pagan kingdom of Fumbina. The governor at the time of Earth's visit was Adama's son. The native inhabitants were, however, far from being wholly subdued, several districts (espe- cially that about Mount Alantika, 40 m. S. of Yola) being still quite independent and con- stantly at war. It is one of the finest countries of central Africa, irrigated by numerous rivers, such as the Benuwe, or left branch of the Quorra or Niger, and the Faro, and diversified with hill and dale. In general it is flat, rising gradually toward the south to 1,500 feet or more, and broken by separate hills or extensive groups of mountains. The grain commonly grown in the country is the holcus sorghum. Meat is so dear that a goat will often bring the price of a female slave. Ground nuts are plentiful. The elephant is exceedingly frequent. The most singular animal is the ayu, a mammal resembling a seal, living in the river, and feed- ing by night on the fresh grass on the river banks. There is an indigenous variety of ox, but quite a distinct species, not three feet high, of a dark gray color, called muturu. Excel- lent iron is found. The standard of value is the native cotton, woven in narrow strips called leppi, of about 2J inches in width. Soap is a very important article in any country inhab- ited by the Foolahs, and it is prepared in every household. The Mohammedan population dress both well and decently. The pagans wear simply a narrow leathern strap between their legs and fastened on their loins. There are several Arab colonies, and Arab architects are employed by the governor. Slavery exists on an immense scale, and many private individu- als own more than 1,000 slaves. The governor of, Yola, who calls himself a sultan, receives every year in tribute, besides horses and cattle, 5,000 slaves. (See FOOLAHS.) ADAMITES, a sect of the second century, who held that the merits of Christ restored them to Adamic innocence. Consequently, they ap- peared naked in their assemblies, and rejected marriage. They soon disappeared, but were revived in the 12th century by Tanchelin at Antwerp, who taught that fornication and adultery were meritorious, and indulged in the most disgusting brutalities in open day. One Picard also revived the sect in Germany at the beginning of the 15th century. It took root in Bohemia, where, in spite of many persecu- tions, it has from time to time reappeared. ADAMS, the name of eight counties in the United States. I. A S. county of Pennsyl- vania, on the Maryland border; area, 530 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 30,315. The head waters of Monocacy river take their rise in this county, and small creeks abound. Along the S. bor- der a ridge called South Mountain extends, and the general surface of the county is un- even. In the South Mountain, copper and