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584 ::What about the age, sex, and social condition of the people?


 * What about the children? How many of them are born, and how many of them remain?


 * What is the history of the neighborhood? What is there in the subconsciousness—in the forgotten or dimly remembered experiences—of this neighborhood which determines its sentiments and attitudes?


 * What is there in clear consciousness, i.e., what are its avowed sentiments, doctrines, etc.?


 * What does it regard as matter of fact? What is news? What is the general run of attention? What models does it imitate and are these within or without the group?


 * What is the social ritual, i.e., what things must one do in the neighborhood in order to escape being regarded with suspicion or looked upon as peculiar?


 * Who are the leaders? What interests of the neighborhood do they incorporate in themselves and what is the technique by which they exercise control?

The ancient city was primarily a fortress, a place of refuge in time of war. The modern city, on the contrary, is primarily a convenience of commerce and owes its existence to the market place around which it sprang up. Industrial competition and the division of labor, which have probably done most to develop the latent powers of mankind, are possible only upon condition of the existence of markets, of money and other devices for the facilitation of trade and commerce. An old German adage declares that "city air makes men free" {Stadt Luft macht frei). This is doubtless a reference to the days when the free cities of Germany enjoyed the patronage of the emperor, and laws made the fugitive serf a free man, if he succeeded for a year and a day in breathing city air. Law, of itself, could not, however, have made the craftsman free. An open market in which he might sell the products of his labor was a necessary incident of his freedom, and it was the application of the money economy to the relations of master and man that completed the emancipation of the serf. Vocational classes and vocational types.—The old adage which describes the city as the natural environment of the free man still