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TABLE OF CONTENTS xix PAGE. condition of the country--the style and language of the work. . ... 264 ESSAY XI.-_THE VAISHNAVA SAINTS.-Introduction -religion of the early Tamils-Brahmanization of the Tamils-growth of Brahmanism among the Tamils—the beginning of the Vaishnava sect-the Vaishnava saints-the Guruparampa. rai-the first Alvars or Saints--their datesTiruinalisai Alvar-his age_ Tiruppan Alvai and Tondaradippodi Alvar-Kulasekhara Alvar and his date-Tirumangai Alvar-his datePerivalvar and his date-Andal - Nammalvar, the last of the Vaishnava sain ts—the age of Nammalvar-conclusion ... 281 ESSAY XII.- THE ORIGIN OF MALAYALAM.—Introduc tion-etymology of the terms Malayalam and Malabar people of Kerala were Tamils--the early Tamil poets of Keralam which was a Tamil country--(1) geographical evidence--(2) fron religious literature-the Nambis or Nam. budris--and the Bhatta Brat:mans-(3) ethnological evidence-(4) archæological evidence —(5) literaryevidence-Kannassa Ramayanam Krishnappattu-Eluttacchan-Unnayi Variyar —(6) linguistic evidence--(a) grammar---(6) vocabulary_formative causes-conclusion ... 340 CONCLUSION.—The Tamil people_the Tamil Brah mans—the Tamil alphabet and language_ religion of the Tamils_Tamil literature --Exhortation ... ... " ... ... ... 377 Appendix. I. The Early Pandya kings 387 II. Note on Agastya's Grammar III, The Age of Manikka Vachakar 401 ... IV. Note on the word Tiyan 411 Index ... ... 419 397