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 Countries of origin.—Proportional values are shown in Table VII. The United Kingdom is the chief contributor, largely in virtue of cotton yarns and fabrics, about 60 per cent. of the quantity received coming from England. Besides these, British imports consist mainly of woollens, stockings, sacking, coal, machinery, and chemicals. Cotton yarns and sacking also come from India, together with rice and indigo; rice is also sent by Egypt.

The chief contributions of other countries are:


 * Turkey: Tobacco, coal, wood, and coffee (Arabia).
 * France:, Flour, silken and woollen fabrics, tiles, cement.
 * Austria: Sugar, iron, metalware, woollens and other textiles, fezes, ready-made clothing, wood, cement, paper, glass, matches.
 * Italy: Cottons, matches.
 * Germany: Iron and metalware, machinery, coal,dyes, drugs.
 * Russia: Flour, sugar, alcohol, petroleum, wood.
 * Belgium: Iron, metal-ware, cement, glass, chemicals.
 * Rumania: Flour, petroleum.
 * United States: Petroleum, machinery.
 * China: Silk.
 * Brazil: Coffee.

(c) Customs and Tariffs

The 8 per cent. ad valorem duty established for all parts of Turkey in 1861-2 was raised by agreement with the Powers to 11 per cent. in 1907 (except for Egyptian goods, for which the old rate was maintained), and by the independent action of the Ottoman Government to 15 per cent. in 1914, and 30 per cent. in 1915. In 1916 the old system was superseded

by an elaborately graduated tariff, to be revised at the end of three years, which aims at the protection of home products and industries, actual or potential, and their