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 other species of aquatic birds, are indigenous to the lakes and rivers. Formerly bees were much attended to, but at present they are neglected.

The roads in general are bad; and, what is extraordinary, the turnpikes are the worst, and the cross roads the best. A canal has been cut from Coal Island to Armagh, but it is little used.

The principal manufacture is that of linen, which forms the chief employment of the inhabitants; and the annual average value of which is estimated at L. 300,000. This manufacture is very extensively carried on in the vicinity of the city of Armagh. Bleachfields are numerous on the banks of the Callen. Woollen goods are made only for home consumption.

This County returns two representatives to the Imperial Parliament; and the city of Armagh one. lt is in the north-east Circuit; the Assizes are generally held in the middle of July.

The mountainous parts of Armagh are entirely inhabited by Roman Catholics; and it is estimated, that one half of the inhabitants in the other parts are of the same persuasion: so that the Protestants cannot constitute more than one third of the population. Of the other dissenters from the established religion, the Presbyterians and Burghers are the most numerous.

The number of houses, according to the last returns, is 22,900: of which 18,794 have only one hearth; 784 two hearths; 217 three hearths; 105 four hearths; 75 five hearths; 31 six hearths; 28 seven hearths; 21 eight hearths; 15 nine hearths; 8 ten hearths; and 23 more than ten; and four of them forty-four hearths. The population, reckoning 5½ inhabitants to a house, will be about 130,000; which gives 78 people to an Irish square mile. There are rather more than eight Irish acres to a house.

In some districts of this County, hunting is a favourite amusement with the weavers; the hounds are not kept in packs, but distributed over the County, one being generally kept in each cabin. On the day appointed for the chace, the looms are deserted. In a County where the land in general is parcelled out into such small divisions, it would not be practicable for the gentlemen to pursue this diversion on horseback; and therefore the game is relinquished to the weavers. The dog they employ on these occasions is a dwarf fox-hound, in a degree similar, either to the English beagle, or the southern slow-hound, still used in the hilly districts of Sussex and Kent. The farmers of Armagh are noted for their fondness for jockeying, in all the arts and tricks of which they are expert to a very criminal degree.

The school in the city of Armagh is one of the royal foundations of Charles I., and is very well endowed; for, according to the report of the Commissioners of the Board of Education, the lands which belong to it contain 1530 acres, English measure, besides about 100 acres of bog. They are situate in the County, between the towns of Newry and Armagh. In the year 1804 the gross annual rent was L. 1144, 10s. 5½d. There are generally upwards of 100 boys educated at it. The schoolhouse was built by Lord Rokeby, better known by the name of Primate Robinson.

The County of Armagh is celebrated both in civil and religious antiquity. In the early annals of Irish history, it is mentioned as the seat of their monarchs. Turgesnis, the first Norwegian Prince that obtained a footing in this kingdom, established his capital here. A tribe of Danes, called Ostmen, for a considerable time afterwards, formed the chief inhabitants of the County. Most of the present inhabitants are descended from the Scotch. See Wakefield’s Ireland. Barton’s Natural History of Lough Neagh. Statistical Survey of Armagh, by Sir Charles Coote.

ARMY. See the Encyclopædia under that head, and in this Supplement. ARNAUD RONSIL, son of an eminent surgeon, at Paris, and some time Professor of surgery in the College of St Côsme. On account of an accident that occurred while he was practising midwifery, he removed from Paris to London, where he acquired great repute by his operations, and his writings on surgical subjects. Before his time, the treatment of hernia had been but imperfectly understood; and the surgeons of this country are indebted to the observations of Arnaud for many of those improvements which have since rendered their practice so successful in this branch of the art. The following is a list of his principal works: 1. Traité des Hernies ou Descentes, 2 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1749. 2. Observations on Aneurysms. London, 1750. 3. Instructions on the Diseases of the Bladder and Urethra. London; 1763. 4. A Dissertation on Hermaphrodites. London, 1750. These were afterwards collected, and published, with additions, under the title of Mémoires de Chirurgie, avec quelques Rémarques sur l’etat de la Medicine, et de la Chirurgie en France, et en Angleterre, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1768. 5. Remarks on the Use of the Extract of Lead of Goulard. London, 1776. Arnaud died in 1774.

 ARRAN. See in the Encyclopædia, and in this Supplement. ARREOYS. Among the more singular Secret Societies which mankind have formed, is one in Otaheite and the neighbouring Islands, for the destruction of their own species, called Arreoy, Arehoe, or Earowie; and it is not a little remarkable, that it should subsist among tribes distinguished for courteousness and humanity. We read in the older authors, that there is an absolute prohibition against the females of Formosa rearing children before the age of thirty-six, though if does not appear that there is any limitation as to the age at which their espousals may take place. But, in the event of pregnancy, it is necessary, that abortion should follow, which is accomplished by the aid of the Priestesses of the Island. Among the Arreoys, however, extirpation of the infant being constitutes the leading feature of their ordinances.

Whether Mendana, Quiros, and the earlier navigators of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered this society, does not appear; it has, at any rate, been reserved for those of later date to unfold its principles and peculiarities; though, indeed, its constitution is still enveloped in much mystery, the members being bound to the strictest secrecy.

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