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 there seems but little reason to expect that this country will afford any new openings to British commerce. (.) ACADEMY. An enumeration has been already given in the body of the work of most of those associations for the cultivation and improvement of science, learning, and art, which are known under the name of Academies; but as some of them have been omitted in that sketch, and others have been founded since it was written, we shall here endeavour, in as far as our information extends, to supply these defects. We shall also subjoin, in an additional article, an account of those Royal Academies whose object is the education of young men for the navy and army of Britain.

I. In the year 1799 a Geographical Academy was established at Lisbon, principally for the purpose of elucidating the geography of Portugal. By the labours of the members of this academy, an accurate map of this country (which was much wanted) has been completed.

II. Academies of Science. The present Queen of Portugal, at the beginning of her reign, established, at Lisbon, a Royal Academy of the Sciences, agriculture, arts, commerce, and economy in general. It is divided into three classes, natural science, mathematics, and national literature. It is composed of honorary members,—as ministers of state, and persons of high rank in Lisbon,—foreign members,—socios veteranos, and acting members. The total number is sixty, of which twenty-four belong to the last class. They enjoy an allowance from government, which has enabled them to establish an observatory, a museum, a library, and a printing-office. Their published transactions consist of Memorias de Litteratura Portugueza; and Memorias Economicos; besides Scientific Transactions. They have also published Collecçao de Livros ineditos de Historia Portugueza.

The Royal Neapolitan Academy was established in 1779; the published Memoirs contain some valuable researches an mathematical subjects. The Royal Academy of Turin was established by the late King when Duke of Savoy. Its memoirs were originally published in Latin, under the title of Miscellanea Philosophica Mathematica Societatis privatæ Taurinensis. The first volume appeared in 1759. They are now published in French. Among the original members of this institution the most celebrated was La Grange, who burst on the scientific world quite unexpectedly, by the novelty and profoundness of his papers in the first volume of the Transactions. An Academy of Sciences, Belles-lettres, and Arts, was established at Padua, by the senate, near the close of the eighteenth century. It is composed of twenty-four pensionaries, twelve free associates, twenty-four pupils, sixteen associates belonging to the Venetian states, and twenty-four foreigners, besides honorary members. It has published a few volumes of Transactions in the Italian language. The Academy of Sciences and Belles-lettres of Genoa was established in 1783. It consists of thirty-two members; but their labours have been chiefly directed to poetry, nor are we aware that they have published any memoirs. The academy of Milan was preceded, and perhaps introduced, by a literary assembly consisting of ten persons, who published a sheet weekly, containing short remarks on subjects of science, belles-lettres, and criticism. This society terminated in 1767. Soon afterwards another was established, who publish their Transactions, under the title of Scolta d’Opuscoli Scientifici, which contain several very interesting papers. The Academy of Sciences at Sienna, which was instituted in 1691, published the first volume of their transactions, in 1761, and have continued them since, at long intervals, under the title of Atti dell’ Academia di Siena. Between the year 1770 and 1780, M. Lorgna established at Verona an academy of sciences, of a novel description. The object of it was to form an association among the principal scientific men in all parts of Italy, for the purpose of publishing their memoirs. The first volume appeared in the year 1782, under the title of Memorie di Matematica e Fisica della Societa Italiana. The most celebrated names that appear in this volume are those of Boscovich, the two Fontanas, and Spallanzani. There are also scientific academies at Mantua, Pisa, and Pavia, but the two last do not publish their Transactions.

In the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin some changes have lately been made, which it may be proper to mention. The object of these changes was to direct the attention of the members to researches of real utility, to improve the arts, to excite national industry, and to purify the different systems of literary and moral education. To attain these ends, a directory was chosen, consisting of a president, the four directors of the classes, and two men of business, not members of the academy, though at the same time men of learning. To this directory was entrusted the management of the funds, and the conducting the economical affairs of the institution. The power of choosing members was granted to the academy, but the King was to have the privilege of confirming or annulling their choice. The public library at Berlin, and the collection of natural curiosities, was united to the academy, and entrusted to its superintendence.

The Academy of Sciences at Manheim was established by Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, in the year 1755. The plan of this institution was furnished by Schæpflin, according to which it was divided into two classes, the historical and physical. In 1780 a subdivision of the latter took place, into the physical, properly so called, and the meteorological. The meteorological observations are published separately, under the title of Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicæ Palatinæ. The historical and physical memoirs are published under the title of Acta Academia Theodoro Palatinæ. The Electoral Bavarian Academy of Sciences at Munich was established in 1759, and publishes its memoirs under the title of Abhandlungen der Baierischen Akademie. Soon after the Elector of Bavaria was raised to the rank of King, the Bavarian government, by his orders, directed its attention to a new organization of the academy of sciences of Munich. The design of the King was to render its labours more extensive than those of any similar institution in Europe, by giving to it, under the direction of the ministry, the immediate superintendence over all the establishments for