Page:Structure and functions of the body; a hand-book of anatomy and physiology for nurses and others desiring a practical knowledge of the subject (IA structurefunctio00fiskrich).pdf/99

 wrinkles the skin of the neck and depresses the lower jaw. In the cow and horse it is so highly developed that by it the skin can be contracted all over the body to drive off flies. The rectus capitis anticus major arises from the third to the sixth cervical vertebræ and is inserted into the occipital bone, serving to flex the head. The scalenus muscles have their origin on the lower cervical vertebræ and are inserted into the first and second ribs, thus aiding in the elevation of the ribs as well as in lateral flexion of the neck. The head is held upright by the ligamentum nuchæ, which rises from the external occipital protuberance and is inserted into the spinous processes of all the cervical vertebræ except the first.

Muscles of the Back.—The chief back muscles are the trapezius and the latissimus dorsi, which together cover in the back pretty thoroughly. The trapezius arises from the occipital bone, the ligamentum nuchæ, and the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and all the dorsal vertebræ and is inserted into the outer third of the clavicle or collar bone and the acromion process and spine of the scapula or shoulder blade. It is thus triangular in shape and covers in the neck and shoulders, serving to draw the head back and to the side. It overlaps the latissimus dorsi.

The latissimus dorsi has its origin by aponeurosis from the spinous processes of the six lower dorsal and all the lumbar and sacral vertebræ, from the crest of the ilium or hip bone, and from the three or four lower ribs, swings across the side, dwindling in size, and is inserted by a small tendon into the bicipital groove of the humerus or upper arm bone, thus covering in the part of the back not covered by the trapezius. It draws the arm down and back, raises the lower ribs, and draws the trunk forward, as in climbing. The flat muscles of the back and abdomen have a tendency to flatten out into aponeuroses, such as occurs in the origin of the latissimus dorsi.

The levator scapulæ, from the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebræ to the posterior border of the