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Rh blocks to the cross-head at the top. The curves and shape of the blocks are so made that when they are pressed together, there is just sufficient space between them for the thickness of the plate. There are two sets of rams, the larger or main rams, and the smaller or vice rams. When the blocks or dies are fixed and the plate to be flanged has been placed in the proper position (in which it is held by steady pins which enter holes in the plate), the vice rams move the table up, and grip the plate firmly between the bottom and top blocks. Then the pressure is put on to the main rams, which squeeze the plate into the required shape between the dies. The whole operation is done at one heat. The firebox back plate is flanged in a similar manner, the dies in this instance being shaped so that the firehole is also pressed to the necessary form.

The “throat plate” E E (Fig. 2), which connects the firebox shell to the barrel of the boiler, is of a complicated shape, and has to be flanged in two opposite directions, since the upper portion has to have its semicircular flange turned forward to join the boiler barrel, and the bottom part is flanged backwards to connect to the firebox shell wrapper plate. This plate requires extreme care when flanging to prevent damage to the material.

The sides and top F of the firebox shell are frequently made in one piece called the wrapper plate, which requires no flanging. The top portion is usually circular, and forms a