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THE BRITISH EMPIRE: — QUEBEC

bered 2,003,232 (1,011,502 males and 991,730 females), being 5 '69 to tin sq. mile. Of this population 316,103 were of British and 1,605,389 oJ French origin. In 1901 the population was 1,648,898, showing an increase by 1911 of 21*45 per cent. The rural population in 1911 was 1,032,618 (992,667 in 1901) ; the number of houses, 339,579 (291,427 in 1901) : the number of families, 370,938 (307,304 in 1901). la 1917 the population was 2,380,042 (1,145,646 rural and 1,234,396 urban). Population of the principal cities (1917) :— Montreal, 700,000; Quebec (capital) 103,000; Maisonneuve, 37,200 ; Hull, 25,400 ; Verdun, 23,000 ; Three Rivers, 21,000.

Instruction. — The province has three Universities, McGill (Montreal, Protestant) founded in 1841, with 898 students in 1916-17 ; Lennoxville, also Protestant, founded in 1845, with 50 students in 1916-17 ; and Laval (Quebec and Montreal), founded in 1852, the centre of higher education for the Catholic population of the province, with 378 students in Quebec in 1916-17, and 1,974 in Montreal. Quebec had, 1916-17, 6,008 elementary schools and 2, 135 other schools and colleges, with 490,718 pupils and 17,284 teachers. All the schools are sectarian, i.e., are either Catholic or Protestant. The total expenditure on education was 12,415,907 dollars in 1915-16.

Finance.— The ordinary revenue and expenditure for 6 years : —

Years ended „

June 30 Revenue

Expenditure

! Years ended June 30

Revenue

Expenditure

Dollars 1913 8,382,737

1915 9,597,926

1916 9,6l7,9s8

Dollars 7,012,161 8,330,257

9,278,688

1917 1918

1919

Dollars' 10,441,114 13,806,391

n;«i6,86a

Dollars 9,847,173 11,423,498 lJ,2MiWfi

The total public debt at June 30, 1919, was 37,716,286 dollars.

Production and Industry. — The area under field crops in 1920 was 7,906,000 acres. Value produced, 1920, 330,000,000 dollars. In 1920 the following were the principal crops of the province : — spring wheat, 222,000 acres, 3,775,000 bushels ; barley, 194,000 acres, 4,910,000 bushels ; oats, 2,006,000 acres, 66,729,000 bushels; rye, 28,000 acres, 534,000 bushels ; peas, 61,000 acres, 1,035,000 bushels; beans, 36,000 acres, 645,000 bushels; flax, 16.000 acres, 184,000 bushels : turnips, mangolds, &c, 84,000 acres, 27,530,000 bushels; buckwheat. 152,000 acres, 3,908,000 bushels; mixed grains, 143,000 acres, 4,195,000 bushels ; potatoes, 311,000 acres, 57,633,000 bushels; hay and clover, 4,290,000 acres, 5,363,< 00 tons. The area planted with tobacco for 1920 is estimated at 33,000 acres, and the yield, 26,400.000 lbs., valued at 6,600,000 dollars. In 1918 there were estimated to be 24,000 pear- trees; 406,000 cherry-trees ; 1,420,000 apple-trees ; and £88.000 plum-trees. Live stock, July, 1919:— Milch cows, 1,056,000; other cattle, 1,213,000; sheep, 1,007,000; pigs, 935,000; horses on farms, 464,000; poultry, 3,809,000. The cattle are the famous French-Canadian cattle, resembling Jerseys and Guernseys, introduced into Canada about 1620. In 1918 there were 1,976 cheese, butter, and condensed milk factories. Output of creamery butter, 1919, 35,410,000 1b., valued at 19,567,000 dollars ; cheese, 59,171,000 lb., valued at 15,474,000 dollars. Maple products 1919 :— Sugar, 12,354,000 lb. ; syrup, 1,470,000 gallons; total value of products estimated at 6,397,000 dollars.

There are about 130,000,000 acres of forests. There is a total of 174,956 s. miles of forest reserves. Quebec leads the Canadian Provinces in pulpwood production, hating more 1 1k.ii half of the Canadian total. In 1919 al'out 800,000 tons of pulp and 450,000 tons of paper weie produced,

valued it 65,000,000 dollar?.