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 236 THE BRITISH EMPIRE : — ORANGE FREE STATE

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PROVINCE OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE.

The Orange River was first crossed by Europeans about the middle of the 18th century. Between 1810 and 1820, several Europeans settled in the southern parts of the Orange Free State. The Great Trek greatly augmented the number of settlers during and after 1836. At first no settled govern- ment was established. In 1848, Sir Harry Smith proclaimed the whole territory between the Orange and Yaal Rivers .as a British Possession and established what was called the Orange River Sovereignty. A British Resident was appointed at Bloemfontein, with Assistant Commissioners at Winburg and Caledon River. Great dissatisfaction was caused by this step, as well as by the native policy of the British Government. In 1854 the Convention of Bloemfontein, by which British Sovereignty was withdrawn and the independence of the country was recognised, was sigued by Sir George Russell Clerk.

During the first five years of its existence the Orange Free State was much harassed by incessant raids by, and fighting with, the Basutos. These were at length conquered. The British Government then stepped in and arranged matters much to the dissatisfaction of the conquering party. By the treaty of Aliwal North, only a part of the territory of the Basutos was incorporated in the Orange Free State. This part is still known ns the Conquered Territory.

A great deal of unpleasantness was caused by the dispute over the