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 208 THE BRITISH EMPIRE: — SWAZILAND

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SWAZILAND.

Swaziland, at the South-eastern corner of the Transvaal, was, by the Convention oi 1894, placed under the administration of (but not incor- porated with) the South African Republic ; the British Government has now the control of the territory. The paramount chief, Sobhuza, son of the late paramount chief Bunu, is about twenty-one years of age, and the chief regency is in the hands of his grandmother, Nabotsibeni, widow of Mbandeni. On June 25, 1903, an Order in Council was issued conferring on the Governor of the Transvaal authority over Swaziland, and by Order in Council of December 1, 1906, this authority was transferred to the High Commissioner for South Africa. The numerous mineral and land concessions and mono- polies granted by Mbandeni, many of which earned exemption from customs dues or invested private individuals with powers properly exercisable by the Crown, rendered any satisfactory form of Government difficult. A Proclamation, therefore, provided for the constitution of a Commission to inquire into the question of these concessions. Under this Proclamation the High Commissioner has exercised the power to expropriate monopolies conferring exclusive rights, compensation for which has been made out of loans raised for the purpose. The agricultural and grazing rights of natives have been safeguarded, and delimited ; a general survey of the territory in connection with concession claims has also been carried out.

Gold is subject to a tax of 10 per cent, on profits ; base metals to a loyalty of 2\ per cent, on output, in addition to any rentals now payable, plus 5s. in the £ Excess Profits Tax.

A Special Court, having the full jurisdiction of a Superior Court, and Assistant Commissioners' Courts have been established. A local Swaziland police force was created in 1907. Authorised strength (1920) 24 Europeans and 161 natives. During the year ended March 31st, 1920, there were 1,939 summary convictions, and 80 convictions in the Superior Court.

Native chiefs continue to exorcise jurisdiction according to native law and customs in all civil matters between natives, subject to a final appeal to the Resident Commissioner.

The present seat of the administration is at Mbabane ; altitude 4,000 feet.

Area, 6,678 square miles ; population (1911), 99,959, of whom 98,783art> natives (of Zulu type), 143 other coloured persons, and 1,083 whites The European population in now (1920) about 1,800. The Government maintains 11 European schools at different centres, and 1 native school at