Page:Statesman's Year-Book 1921.djvu/1267

 RELIGION, INSTRUCTION, JUSTICE, ETC.

1215

Among Rumanians there are racial differences of which the Rumanian cen- sus takes no account. In Central Moldavia and East Transylvania there are thousands of habitants of Magyar descent (Changer and Szeklers) ; in S Transylvania ami in the Banal there are thousands of Saxons and Swabes. In Bukovina and Bessarabia there are some German andRuthenian colonies. The communes along the Danube have some inhabitants of Bulgarian and Serbian origin ; in the Dobrudja there are many foreign elements— Bulgars, Russians, Germans, but the greatest part of them are Turks and Tartars.

The number of births, deaths, and marriages, with surplus of births over deaths, was as follows (for the Old Kingdom) for three years : —

Tears

Births

Deaths

Marriages

OTer Deaths
 * s of Births

1913 1914 1915 1918

309,62.5 327,345 319.544 108.075

191,689 181,949 193,574 297,310

67,430 65,325 56,314 57,345

117.938

144.398

125,970

-194,238

In 1909 there were 2.651 divorces: in 1912, 2.P9S ; in 1913, 3,217 ; in 1914, 3,433 ; in 1919, 865.

The principal towns in Grea'er Rumania are (population 1914) : — Bu- charest, the capital and seat of Government, 345,628 (on January 6, 1917, 308,987—119,958 males and 189,029 females : Chisinau, 114,100 ; Cernauti, 87,128; Ismail. 85,600; Iasi (Jassy), 76,120 ; Galatz, 73,512 ; Timisioara, 3 ; Braila, 65,911 ; Oradea Mar^, 64,169 ; Arad. 63.166 ; Cluj, 60,808 : Ploesti, 57,376 ; Craiova, 51,877 ; Brasov. 41,056 ; Tughina, 36,400: Satul Mare, 34,892; Cetatea Alba, 33,600; Sibiu, 33.419: Botosani. 32,874; Buzeu, 29,483 ; Constantza, 27,662 : Berlad, 2. T ..:>67 ; Focsani, 25,287.

Religion, Instruction, Justice, &c.

Of the total population of Rumania (in 1918) 9,695,714 belonged to the Orthodox Church, 1,456,147 were Greek Catholics, 1,483,929 were Roman Catholics, 1,344,970 Protestants, 17.596 Armenians, 834.344 Jews and 44,087 Mahometans. The government of the Orthodox Church rests with the four archbishops, the first of them styled the Primate of Rumania, the second the Archbishop of Moldavia, the third of Traisvlvania, and the fourth of Bakovina. Besides, there are, ten bishoj>s of the National Church. In Transylvania there is a Greek Catholic archbishop and three bishops. In Rumania there are three Roman Catholic Bishops, two Protestant and one Unitarian The clergy of the National Orthodox Church are paid by the State. The clergy of the other denominations are subventioned by the State. Full liberty of religion is assured to every creed or sect.

Education is free and compulsorv 'wherever there are schools,' and it is improving from year to year. In 1909, according to a special census return, 60'16 per cent, of the population over 7 years of age could neither read nor write; in 1909, 4312 per cent., and in 1910. 41 percent, of the armv recruits could neither read nor write In 1918-19 there were 5,764 elemen- tary schools with 11,088 teachers and 692,896 pupils.

The secondary schools in 1918-19 were, for boys, 56 (38 State and 18 private) lyceums, 13 gymnasiums and 7 seminaries, these 76 institutions having 1.2S7 teachers and 44,983 pupils; for girls 66 (12 State and 54 private) high schools with 1,051 teachers and 9,684 pupils; 12 normal schools for men with 181 teachers and 2,425 students, and 4 for women