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ROME, SEE AND CHURCH OF.

For many ages until Pius IX. 's reign, with some comparatively short breaks, the Popes or Roman Pontiffs bore temporal sway over a territory stretch- ing across Mid-Italy from sea to sea and comprising an area of some 16,000 square miles, with a population finally of some 3,125,000 souls. Of this dominion the whole has been incorporated with the Italian Kingdom. Furthermore, by an Italian law dated May 13, 1871, there was guaranteed to His Holiness and his successors for ever, besides possession of the Vatican and Lateran palaces and the villa of Castel Gandolfo, a yearly income of 3,225,000 lire or 129.000Z., which allowance still remains unclaimed and unpaid.

Supreme Pontiff. — Benedict XV. (Giacomo Delia Chiesa), born at Genoa, November 21, 1854 ; Archbishop of Bologna, December 18, 1907 ; Cardinal, May 25, 1914 ; elected Supreme Pontiff, as successor of Pius X., September 3, 1914 ; crowned, September 6 following.

The election of a Pope ordinarily is by scrutiny. Each Cardinal in conclave writes on a ticket his own name with that of the Cardinal whom he chooses. These tickets, folded and sealed, are laid in a chalice which stands on the conclave altar ; and each elector approaching the altar repeats a prescribed form of oath. Thereupon the tickets are taken from the chalice by scrutators appointed ad hoc from the electing body ; the tickets are compared with the number of Cardinals present, and when it is found that any Cardinal has two-thirds of the votes in his favour he is declared elected.

From the accession of Innocent IX., 232nd in the usual list of Roman Pontiffs, to Benedict XV., 260th, the Popes (all Italian) have been as follows: —

Name and Family of Pontiff

Name and Family of Pontiff

Year of Election

Year of Election

Innocent IX. (Facchinctti).

1591

Innocent XIII. (Conti)

1721

Clement VIII.

Benedict XIII. (Orsini).

1724

(Aldobrandini).

1592

Clement XII. (Cor.iini)

1730

Leo XL (Medici)

1605

Benedict XIV. (Lambertini)

1740

Paul V. (Borgheae).

1605

Clement XIII. (Rczzonieo).

1758

Gregory XV. (Ludovisi).

1621

Clement X IV. (Oanganelli)

1769

Urban VIII. (Barberini).

1623

Pius VI. (Braschi).

1775

Innocent X. (Pampfiily).

1644

Pius VII. (Chiaramonti).

1800

Alexander VII. (Vhigi)

1655

Leo XII. (della Oenga)

1823

Clement IX. (Rospiyliosi).

1667

I'ius VIII. (Caatiglioni)

1829

Clement X. (Altieri)

1670

Gregory XVI. (Cappellari). Pius IX. (Mastai-Fcrretti).

1831

Innocent XI. (Odescalchi).

1676

1846

Alexander VII I. (Ottoboni).

1689

Leo XIII. (Pecci)

1878

Innocent XII. (Pignatelli).

1691

Pius X. (Sarto).

1903

Clement XI. (Albani)

1700

Benedict XV. (Della Chiesa)

1914

The Roman Pontiff (in orders a Bishop, but in jurisdiction held to be by divine right, the centre of all Catholic unity, and consequently Pastor and Teacher of all Christians) has for advisers and coadjutors tb,« Sacred