Page:Statesman's Year-Book 1913.djvu/812

 690 BRAZIL

1,116; English, 1, 045 ; and 5, 852 of 32 other nationalities. These immigrants were classified as follows : 78,021 voluntary and 55,595 subsidized; agricul- turists 99,811, and of various other professions, 33,805.

A boundary treaty Avith Colombia was signed on April 24, 1907 ; and a boundary treaty with Peru was signed September 8, 1909.

Religion.

The connection between Church and State has been abolished, and absolute equalitv declare'^ among all forms of religion. The Government left to the Church all religious buildings and their properties and income. The Catholic Church is perfectly free ; religious orders are allowed and are prosperous. All but about 100,000 of the population are Catholics.

There is a Cardinal whose seat is at Rio de Janeiro and who acts as an Archbishop, an archbishop at Bahia, one at Rio de Janeiro, one at San Paulo, one at Para, and one at Mariana (Minas). There are 25 suffragan bishops. For instruction of the clergy there are 11 seminaries.

Instruction.

Education is not compulsory. The Republican Government undertakes to pi'ovide for higher or university instruction within the Union, leaving the provision of primary and training schools to the State Governments. There is, in fact, no university in Brazil, but there are 25 faculties which confer degrees. In Rio de Janeiro are also the military college, the preparatory school of tactics, and the naval school. At the Capital are maintained by the Federal Government a school for the blind and another for the deaf and dumb. The Federal Government maintains also a School of Arts and a National Institute of Music in the Capital, there being similar academies of music in the States of Maranhao, Para, Sao Paulo, and several in the State of Rio de Janeiro. In Manaos, Bahia, and Curitiba there are schools of Fine Arts. There are, besides, 28 industrial schools, 11 agricultural and 9 commercial institutions for tuition. There are faculties of laAv at Recife, Sao Paulo, Ceard, Goyaz, Para, Bahia, Bello Horizon te, Porto Alegre, and Rio de Janeiro (2) ; "faculties of medicine at Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Porto Alegre ; colleges of pharmacy at Ouro Preto, Bclem, Juiz de Fora, and Sao Paulo ; schools of odontology at Rio de Janeiro, Bello Horizonte and also attached to the colleges of medicine and pharmacy ; engineering colleges at Rio, Ouro Pieto, Bahia, Recife, Porto Alegre, and Sao Paulo.

There existed in 1910 in the various States, 12,221 primary schools with 634,539 (352,418 boys and 282,121 girls) pupils and 8,064 teachers. Of the total number 6,918 are government schools, 2,608 municipal, and 2,695 private. But on April 5, 1911, a decree was issued for the reform of the school system, a feature of which will be that a Board of Education will have entire coatrol over all schools. There are also 327 secondary schools Avith 30,258 pupils. For teachers' diplomas there are 29 colleges in all Brazil, supported by the Union and 15 private. In recent years public instruction has made great progress.

Justice and Crime.

There is a sjipreme Federal court of Justice at Rio de Janeiro ; and Federal judges in each State. Justice is administered in the States in accordance with State law, by State courts, but in Rio de Janeii-o Federal Justice is administered. Judges are appointed for life. There are also municipal magistrates and justices of the peace, who are elected for four years, and whose chief function is to settle cases up to a certain amount.