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 180 THE BRITISH EMPIRE : — ZANZIBAR PROTECTORATE

with nickel cent, and half-cent pieces. There are also in circulation nick 10-cent pieces, and silver 50 and 25-cent pieces. British sovereigns and E. Africa Government currency notes of 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, and 5 rupee circulate. New cental coins were issued during 1907-08. _ The 4 and 2 anna silver, and quarter-annii copper coins have been called in. The Savings Bank had 3,597/. deposits and 306 depositors on March 31, 1912. The National Bank of India (Limited) has branches at Entebbe, Kampala, Jinja, and the Standard Bank of South Africa has opened a branch at Kampala.

Governor and Commander-in-Chief. — Sir Frederick John Jackson, K.C.M.G., C.B.

Chief Secretary.— U. E. Wallis, C.M.G.

Zanzibar Protectorate,

Sultan and Government— The Sultan, or, more correctly, the Seyyid, Seyyid Khalifa bin Hanib (born 1879), succeeded on the abdication of his brother-in-law, Ali bin Hamoud bin Mahomed, December 9, 1911. Six of his predecessors in the Sultanate were : — Burghash, Khalifa bin Said, Ali biu Said (1890), Hamed bin Thwain (1893), Hamoud bin Mohamed (1896), and Ali bin Hamoud bin Mahomed (1911).

Zanzibar dominions were gradually acquired by the Imams of Muskat at various dates between 1698 and 1807, partly by conquest from the Portuguese and partly from native chiefs. They were held as an appanage oi Muskat until the death of Seyyid Said, when, on a dispute as to the succession arising between his sons Seyyid Thwain, of Muskat, and Seyyid Majid, of Zanzibar, the dominions in Africa Avere made independent and confirmed under Majid by an arbitration of Lord Canning (dated 1861), then Governor-General of India. Besides the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and smaller islands, the Sultan's authority nominally extended along the coasts and indefinitely inland, from Warsheikh, in 3° N. lat., to Tunghi Bay, in 10° 42' S. lat. The Sultan's dominions were, however, gradually restricted until (1890) they included only the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, the coast of the British East Africa Protectorate up to ten miles inland, of which his Highness is still the titular sovereign. The more important ports on the Somali (Benadir) Coast, which were leased to Italy, have been purchased outright by that Government.

In October, 1891, a regular Government was formed for Zanzibar, with a British representative as First Minister. In 1908 Captain Barton was appointed First Minister. A 7* per cent, ad valorem duty is imposed on all imports.

Area, Population, Religion.— Area of Zanzibar 640 square miles, Pemba 380 square miles. Population of Zanzibar 1911, 115,477, Pemba 83,437. The Arabs, about 10,000, are the principal landlords and em- ployers of labour. The black population is mostly Swahili, but there are representatives of nearly every African tribe. There is a considerable foreign population, mostly engaged in trading. There are about 230 Europeans, comprising 121 Englishmen, 35 Germans, a few Americans, Frenchmen, Italians, Greeks, and Rumanians; about 10,000 British Indian subjects, through whose hands almost the whole trade of East Africa passes. Zanzibar town has a population of 35,000.

Most of the natives are Mohammedans (Suniiis of the Shafi school), the Sultan and relatives are of the Ibadhi sect. There are 3 Christian Missions : The Universities Mission to Central Africa (Church of England), the Catholic Mission (Roman Catholic), and the Friends' Industrial Mission. There is a hospital at the Universities Mission.