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 THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES 167

of coal from the mines to Victoria Harbour. From Labuan there are telegraph lines connectiug with Hong Kong, Singapore, Sandakan, and the Continent.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

There are eleven banks with establishments in the Colony. The amount of deposits in the Government Savings Bank on December 31, 1911, was 756,538 dollars, equivalent to 88,263Z.

The dollar, value 2s. 4c^. , is the standard coin of the Colony, and with the half-dollar and the British sovereign is legal tender for the payment of any amount. Subsidiary silver coins are 20, 10, and 5 cent pieces ; copper coins are cents, half-cents, and quarter- cents. On December 31, 1911, Government currency notes to the value of 4,300,252/. (.$36,859,310) were in circulation in the Colony and Federated Malay States.

The measure of length in use in the Settlements is the English yard, with its divisions and multiples, and land is measured by the English acre. The native terms are, however, still in use. Commercial weights are :— 1 Kati = 16 Tahil= 1^ lb. avoirdupois. 1 Pikul =100 Kati = 133Ubs. 1 Koyan= 40 Pikul = 5, 333^ ,, The kati of 1| lb. is known as the Chinese kati. Another weight, known as the Malay kati, and still in partial use in Penang, is equal to the weight of 24 Spanish dollars, or -9,984 grains. This gives 142-628 lbs. as the weight of the pikul, add 5,705-143 lbs. as the weight of the koyan. The measures of capacity throughout the Colony are the gantang or gallon, and chupak or quart.

THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES.

The Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang, which occupy a large portion of the Malay Peninsula, are under British protection. The officer administering the Government of the Straits Settlements is ex officio H.M.'s High Commissioner for these States and the other Malay States in the Britisli sphere.

High Commissioner. — Sir A. H. Young, K.C.M.G.

Chief Secretary for the Federated Malay States.— '^Kr E. L. Brockman, K.C.M.G.

Resident of Per ale. — W. P. Hume (acting). ,, SUdngor.—K. G. Watson, C.M.G.

,, Negri Semhilan.—k. H. Lemon (acting).

,, Pahanq. — E. J. Brewster.

In Perak, Selangor, and Sungei Ujong, which State was subsequently amalgamated with other States to form the Confederation of Negri Sem- bilan, Residents were appointed in 1874, with a staff of European officers who?e duty was to aid the native rulers by advice, and to exercise executive functions. The supreme authority in each State is vested in the State Council, consisting of the Sultan, the Resident, the Secretary to the Resi- dent (if there is one), and some of the principal Malay chiefs and Chinese merchants. The Residents are under the control of the Chief Secretary and the High Commissioner.

In 1883 the relations of the Straits Settlements with the small Native States on the frontier of Malacca were consolidated. These States were con- federated in 1889, under the name of .Negri Sembilan (signifying Nine States). In January, 1895, Sungei Ujong (including Jelebu, which had been administered by a Collector and Magistrate under the Resident of Sungei Ujong