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 RUSSIAN DEPENDENCIES IN ASIA 1225

number of vessels which passed along the canals in 1911 was 48,588 ; the receipts from vessels, 1,045,822 marks ; and expenditure, 887,946 marks.

In 1910, there were 2,263 miles (1911, 2,332 miles) of railways, all but 182 miles (1911, 211 miles) belonging to the State. The traffic upon the State's railways in 1910 was 14,462,769 passengers and 3,840,000 tons of goods. The total cost of the State railways to the end of 1910 was 402,701,000 marks. The total revenue of the same in 1910 was 44,261,432 marks (1911, 50,062,543), and the total expenditure 36,496,150 marks (1911, 36,747,043).

Finland had 2,138 post-offices in 1911, and revenue and expenses were respectively 7,423,620 and 6,426,295 marks ; united letters and post-cards, 45,183,652 ; samples, and printed packets, 9,350,248 ; newspapers, 60,576,109.

The 382 savings-banks had on December 31, 1911, 308,939 depositors, with aggregate deposits of 10,037,591Z.

Money, Weights, &c.

The markka of lOQ penni is of the value of a franc, 9|d. The standard is gold, and the markka, though not coined in gold, is the unit.

Gold coins are 20 and 10-markka pieces. They contain '2903225 grammes of fine gold to the markka.

Silver coins are 2, 1, ^, and | -markka pieces.

Copper coins are 10, 5, and 1-penni pieces.

The paper currency is exchangeable at par against gold.

The metric system of weights and measures is universally emploj'ed in Finland.

Finland.

Atlas de Finlande. Maps and Text. 3 vols. Helsingfors, 1911. Constitution du Grand-Duche du Finlande. Paris, 1900. The Finnish Reform Bill of 1906. Helsingfors, 1906. The FinnLsh Question in 1911. London, 1911.

Dobs^on (G.), Tlie Finnish Revolution in Preparation. St. Petersburg, 1911. Fia/ier (J. R.), Finland and 1 he Tsars. New ed. London, 1901. Frederiksen (N. C), Finland, its Public and Private Economy. London, 1902. Mechelin (L. H. S.), Finland in the Nineteenth Century. Helsingfors, 1894. Oxten-S acl-en (Baron von der), The Legal Position of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire. London. 1912.

Phibbs (Isabella M.). The Grand Duchv of Finland. London. 1903.

Rennnck (G.), Finland To-day. London, 1911.

Trovers (R.), Letters from Finland. London, 1911.

Young (E.), Finland : The Land of a Thousand Lakes. London, 1912.

Vlugt (W. van der), Le Conflit Finlandais and Pour la Finlande. Paris, 1900.

RUSSIAN DEPENDENCIES IN ASIA..

The following two States in Central Asia are under die suzerainty of Ru.ssia : —

BOKHARA.

A Russian vassal State in Central Asia, lying between N. latitude 41° 30 and 36° 40', and between E. longitude 61° 40' and 73°, bounded on the north by the Ru.ssian provinces of Syr-Daria and Samarkand, on the east by the province of Ferghana, on the south by Afghanistan, and on the south-west by the Russian Trans-Caspian province and the Khanat of Khiva,

The reigning .sovereign is Sayid-Mir-Alim Khan, son of the late Amir Sayid Abdul Ahad ; born Januar}' 3, 1880, succeeded his father on January 6th, 1911. The heir is his son, Sayid Mir Ibrahim, born December 27, 1903.