Page:Statesman's Year-Book 1913.djvu/1053

 JUSTICE, CRIME 931

There are also 5 technical high schools (Berlin, Hauover, Aachen, Danzig, Breslau), 2 forestry schools (Eberswalde, Miinden), 2 technical mining schools (Berlin, Klausthal), 2 agricnltural high schools (Berlin, Poppelsdorf), agricul- tural institutes connected with universities, 2 veterinary high schools (Berlin, Hanover), a great number of other schools for various aspects of agriculture, 4 commercial high schools (Berlin, Coin, Frankfurt a. Main, Konigsbergi.Pr, ), besides other special schools and State establishments for art and music, the Academy of Posen, &c.

The Universities, the high schools (exclusive of commercial high schools), some of the Gymnasia, Realgymnasia, and similar schools, as also all the normal schools, are maintainetl and administered by the Government, while all the other scholastic institutions are supported by the community, &c., under control of the Government. (For number of professors, teachers, and students at each of the Universities of Prussia, see under German Empire.)

The whole of the educational establishments (exclusive of agricultural and some technical institutes) in Prussia are under the control of the Minister of Public Instruction and Ecclesiastical Affairs, but there is a local supervision for every province. The administration of each of these, as far as regards the Rcgierungs-Bezirke, is vested in a President, who is the head of the Civil Government {Regierimg) ; while the management of the higher (secondary) schools and the normal schools belongs to the Provincial Schul-CoUegium, under the supervision of the Oberprasideut, who is the head of the Civil Government of the province. As a general rule, the adminis- tration of school funds provided by the State is under the control of the Civil Government, which likewise takes upon itself nearly the whole management of the lower and elementary schools, while the Schul- CoUegium is responsible for the higher schools and the normal schools, for the general system of instruction and discipline therein, the proper selection of school books, the examination and appointment of masters, and the examination of those who leave school for the Universities.

According to the Constitution of 1850, all persons are at liberty to teach, or to form establishments for instruction, provided they can produce to the authorities the prescribed proofs of their moral, scientific, and technical quali- fications. Both private and public establishments for education are placed under the superintendence of the Minister of Public Instruction, while all public teachers are considered, directly or indirectly. State servants.

For the year 1911-12 the ordinary expenditure for instruction and similar purposes under the Department of the Ministry of Instruction amounted to about 212,000,000 marks (10,600,000Z.), besides 14,000,000 marks (700,000/.) for non-recurring expenditure. For educational institutions under other ministries the sum of about 19,000,000 marks, exclusive of non-recurring expenditure, was set aside, so that the total ordinary expenditure of the State on instruction for the year amounted to nearly 231,000,000 marks. The total expenditure foi all kinds of schools amounted in 1911-12 to about 600,000,000 marks.

Justice, Crime.

Prussia contains 14 Oberlandesgerichte (see under German Empire). The Oberlaudesgericht at Berlin is called the Kammcrgericht, and serves as an ultimate appeal court for summary convictions ; though for all cases the court of final instance is the Reichsgericht at Leijjzig. The prosecution in all criminal cases is conducted by Staatsamodlte, or public XJi'osecutors, paid by the State. In 1910 there were 344,770 persons convicted of crime in Prussia.

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