Page:Statesman's Year-Book 1871.djvu/599

 REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 563

passed December 15, 1791, the powers not delegated to Congress are reserved to the individual States. Therefore the powers to enact municipal laws, that is, all laws which concern only the States directly and immediately, are among the reserved rights of the States, and as such vested in the State Legislatures.

The constitutions of the several States all agree in their main fea- tures, and the modes of administration are virtually alike. In all there is the same form, and the same principles lie at the foundation. The executive in every State is vested in a governor. The duties of the governors are in general analogous to those of the president, as far as the several State governments are analogous to that of the Union. The governors have the nomination, and, in conjunction with the Senate, the appointment of many important officers. Like the presi- dent, they make recommendations to the Legislature, and take care that the laws are executed. Like the president, they may be impeached and removed for treason, bribery, or other high crimes.

Slavery was abolished throughout the whole of the United States by the thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution, running as follows : — ' Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly con- victed, shall exist within the United States or anyplace subject to their jurisdiction.' The vast change in the political and social organisation of the republic made by this new fundamental law was completed by the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments of the Constitution, passed in 18G8 and 1870, which gave to the former slaves all the rights and privileges of citizenship. The fourteenth Amendment declares that 'all persons born or naturalised in the United States are citizens thereof and of the States in which they reside, and no State shall deny such citizens due and equal protection by laws, nor deprive them of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.' It orders further ' that representation shall be apportioned among the several States, according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State.' Finally, the fifteenth Amendment, ratified by the President March 80, 1870, enacts that ' No discrimination shall be made in the United States, among the citizens of the United States, in the exercise of the elective franchise, or in the right to hold office in any State, on account of race, colour, nativity, property, education, or creed.'

Revenue and Expenditure.

The national income of the United States is mainly derived from two sources, namely, customs duties, and indirect taxes upon pro- perty, manufactures, and natural produce, the whole of them classed

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