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 CHURCH AND EDUCATION. 307

the commencement of the year 1860, there were opened, through- out the kingdom, thirty-three great model schools, of which ten in the Sardinian states, six in Lombardy, four in the Emilia, six in the Marches and Umhria, two in Tuscany, and five in the Southern Provinces. But notwithstanding these great aids to instruction, education stands still very low in the kingdom. According to the census of 1864, out of a total population of 21,703,710 souls, there were 3,884,245 who could read and write (2,623.605 men and 1,260.640 women); 893,588 who could only read (of these the women were as more than 5 to 4 of the men), and 16,999,701 who could neither read nor write — 7,889,238 men and 9,110,463 women. Piedmont and the Basilicata occupy the first and last place on the register of knowledge. In the former province, out of every 1,000 inhabitants 573 cannot read or write; in the latter out of the same number 912 are in the same ignorant state. Next to Piedmont is Lombardy, which has 599 untaught out of 1,000, and then Liguria, 708 in 1,000. Tuscany and iEmilia are about the average of the whole country — 778 and 803 in the 1,000 ; Umbria, the Marches, Puglie, and the Abruzzi are rather better. In the Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily, and Sardinia, more than nine-tenths of the inhabitants can neither read nor write.

An official return issued by the Italian government March, 1870, furnishes detailed tabular information regarding the amount of education received by the conscripts born in 1847, and called up for military service in 1868. According to this return, the per-centage of ' analfabets,' or totally illiterate men of the age of twenty-one was as follows, in progressive ratio, in the various provinces of the kingdom: — Vicenza, 20.37; Sondrio, 25.17; Turin, 26.18; Novara, 29.39; Bergamo, 33.13 ; Leghorn, 35.40 ; Cuneo, 35.99; Como, 37.23; Alessandria, 39 61; Pavia, 41.04; Brescia, 41.18 ; Porto Maurizio, 43.27 ; Cremona, 44 25 ; Milan, 49.93 ; Belluno, 50.92 ; Verona, 53.54 ; Genoa, 54.61 ; Lucca, 55.34; Treviso, 55.34; Pisa. 56.72: Mantua, 58.06; Udine, 59.96: Eeggio (Emilia), 61.34; Padua, 62.66: Venice, 63.84; Florence, 64.13; Eovigo, 64.90; Grosseto, 66.16; Modena, 66.61; Massa Carrara, 66.67; Bologna, 67.03; Piacenza, 68.24; Ferrara, 68.80; Abruzzo Ulteriore II., 70.43 ; Parma, 70.66 ; Siena, 70.91 ; Macerata, 71.19 ; Molise, 71.36; Capitanata, 71.86; Principato Citeriore, 72.25; Naples, 73.58; Arizzo, 76.45; Terra d'Otranto, 76.67; Ravenna, 77.49; Forli, 77.69; Aniona, 77.71; Sassari, 77.91 ; Umbria, 78.19; Terra di Bari, 78.56; Abruzzo Citeriore, 78.80; Syracuse, 78.91; Messina, 79.12; Abruzzo Ult.L, 79.60; Cagliari, 79.74 ; Terra di Lavoro, 80.00 ; Calabria Ult. II., 80.04 ; Caltanisetta, 80.34; Principato Ult., 80.55; Pesaro, 81.41: Catania, 81.59; Palermo, 81.91; Calabria Git., 82.16; Basilicata,

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