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1913.] It declared that a portion of the estate, a sum about $7,500,000, should constitute a fund, the interest of which should be divided annually into five prizes of $40,000 each, to be given to those persons who, during the preceding year, had done most for humanity. These prizes should be as follows First, to the person who made the most important discovery in the department of physics; second, to the person who made the most important discovery in chemistry; third, to the person who caused the greatest advance in medicine fourth, to the person who produced the most excellent work of an idealistic tendency; last, to the person who had accomplished most in the abolition of armies and the promotion of peace.

Three corporations were chosen to award the Nobel prizes and appoint the Electoral Committee. The should give the chemistry prize; the, the literary reward; and the , the prizes for physics and medicine. To the, was given the right to appoint the Peace Committee.

For admission to the competition, the candidate must be proposed by qualified members. This right to present such persons belongs to members of the Swedish Academy, the, the , to members of literary departments of other academies, to professors of literature and history in universities, and to such learned men as the committee may invite.

In place of one person, the honor may be bestowed upon a society; or it may be kept back entirely, but each prize must be given once in every five years. Besides the cash prize, each winner receives a diploma and a gold medal bearing a portrait of Alfred Nobel.

The prizes are a real factor in increasing the dignity of a scientific career, and in encouraging such work. The money value is large, but the fame attached to the honor is all but priceless.

In spite of Swedish proclivities, it seems that Nobel bestowed a special honor on the Parliament at because it was the first official body to attempt an international peace union. The peace prize has most attracted the attention of the world.

There is a Board of Administration composed of five Swedish members, the president of which is named by the king. These men are elected for the term of two years, commencing. This committee manages the fund, pays the prizes and all expenses attending their distribution. The final votes for each award are taken by these men in secret.

On, the fifth anniversary of the donor’s death, the names of those first honored were made known. The king delivered the awards at an impressive ceremony.

Of the sixty-five prizes that have been given so far, only two have been awarded to Americans. In 1906, Theodore Roosevelt won the prize for his services in bringing about peace peace between Japan and Russia. Professor Michelson, of Chicago, received the other prize, for finding the wave-length of light. Three women have been honored by a Nobel prize, Mme. Curie, Baroness von Suttner, and Selma Lagerlof.

What Mr. Carnegie called the “two foulest blots” on our nineteenth century were slavery and war. Slavery has been abolished; war remains. It is a significant fact that the two greatest books written on these subjects were novels by two women—“Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” by Harriet Beecher Stowe, and “,” by Baroness Bertha von Sutter.

Only the mere outline of her life can be given here. Bertha Kinsky was born at Prague in 1843, and is a descendant of a long and distinguished Austrian military family. As a young woman, she resolved to support herself, and obtained a position as instructor to four daughters in the home of Baron von Suttner, in Vienna. She held the position of secretary to Alfred Nobel shortly after this, and helped him in his work until her marriage to Arthur von Suttner. “Lay down your Arms” had already made the baroness known throughout Europe. She organized, nearly twenty years ago, the first Austrian peace society, and she became one of the editors of the leading Austrian peace organ; this brought her into contact with the greatest writers and peace advocates of the world. During this period, she had continued her correspondence with Alfred Nobel. It was she who suggested to him the founding of the great yearly prizes which bear his name, Later she, herself, was crowned with the Nobel peace prize. As yet, she is the only woman who has received it. Since the death of her husband, she is still carrying on the great work to which they were devoted.

We have stated that the clauses in Alfred Nobel’s will are not really opposed to the work that he carried on during his lifetime. Men were but too ready to buy his death-dealing explosives; they thought only to hold their own, thereby, against their enemies. Nations wasted millions of dollars in this way. Alfred Nobel used the money so gained as a rebuke to their distrust of each other, and to establish the truthfulness of Milton's line:

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