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 Designated as intermediate courts in China's judicial system, the intellectual property courts will have original jurisdiction over civil "technical cases," or those involving patents, new plant varieties, integrated circuit layout designs, technical know-how, and computer software, as well as over determinations as to well-known trademarks. These courts will also hear appeals of administrative IPR decisions handed down by government authorities on IPR and unfair competition matters. The Beijing intellectual property court will have jurisdiction to hear appeals of patent and trademark validity determinations issued by the Patent Reexamination Board and Trademark Review and Adjudication Board. The new courts will likely provide a venue with greater IPR expertise and experience, but the success of the courts will be judged in large part by their impartial consideration of the facts and law, and their efficient operation.

National Leading Group

Following the completion of China's 2010-2011 Special IPR Campaign, the State Council established a permanent office of the national leading group on combating IPR infringement (Leading Group) to better coordinate and improve China's efforts to combat IPR infringement and the manufacture and sale of counterfeit and substandard goods. In 2014, the Leading Group continued to coordinate enforcement actions and undertake special campaigns, including concerning online markets and cross-border infringement cases. The United States encourages China to continue to work with foreign governments and rights holders to share information and demonstrate the constructive role the Leading Group can play to improve the protection and enforcement of IPR.

ICT Measures

Recent Chinese measures risk creating troubling barriers to the sale of ICT products, services, and technologies by non-Chinese firms. China's counterterror law, still in draft form, would appear to require telecommunications business operators and Internet service providers to, among other things, disclose critical proprietary intellectual property to regulators. Of more immediate impact are the efforts to govern the use of ICT products, services, and technologies by financial institutions operating in China. On December 26, 2014, China issued the Circular of the General Offices of China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) on Printing and Distributing the Guidelines for Promoting the Application of Secure and Controllable Information Technology in Banking Sector along with the Guidelines for Promoting the Application of Secure and Controllable Information Technology in Banking Sector, with an accompanying annexing classification catalogue. This measure was a follow-up to the September 3, 2014, Guidelines for Applying Secure and Controllable Information Technology to Enhance Banking Industry Cybersecurity and Informatization Development (referred to collectively as the "ICT rules for banks"), issued by CBRC, MIIT, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Ministry of Science 35