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 Parties in China are also facilitating online infringement, in China and third countries, through media box piracy. Manufactured in China and exported abroad, media boxes can be preloaded with infringing content and plugged directly into televisions. They enable the user to stream and download infringing online audio and visual content. The vast majority of the infringing websites to which media box users connect are reportedly located in China. The United States urges China to continue efforts to improve IPR protection and enforcement in this area.

Counterfeit Goods

Despite increased enforcement efforts, problems with counterfeiting in China remain widespread. A partial list of commonly counterfeited goods includes food and beverages; apparel, footwear, and accessories; consumer electronics, computers and networking equipment; entertainment and business software; batteries; chemicals; appliances; pharmaceuticals; and auto parts. Impacts are not limited to lost sales volumes and damage to the reputation of the trademark owner. For example, higher defect and failure rates among counterfeit semiconductors may cause malfunctions in the equipment in which they are incorporated, which may include medical devices, vehicle safety and braking systems, and other critical applications. As one measure of the scale of the problem, products from China (including Hong Kong) accounted for 93 percent of the value of the IPR infringing products seized by U.S. Customs and Border Protection in fiscal year 2013.

Although rights holders report increased enforcement activities, mostly but not exclusively on behalf of local brands, enforcement efforts have yet to slow the sale of counterfeit products online. This is particularly concerning in light of the rapid growth of e-commerce both within China and between China and overseas markets. Rights holders report that local Administrations for Industry and Commerce (AICs) typically confine their efforts to physical markets. While both the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and local AICs have called on online trading websites to improve procedures to address online sales of counterfeit merchandise, these measures have not significantly deterred repeat and large-scale offenders who, after postings are removed, quickly place new postings offering the same infringing goods. It is reported that the Supreme People's Court may issue a judicial interpretation to address these concerns.

IPR and Technology Transfer Requirements

The United States is concerned about Chinese measures, policies and practices at the national, provincial, and local levels that allegedly are intended to hasten China's development into an innovative economy, but that may disadvantage foreign rights holders. Industry reports that many of China's innovation-related policies and other industrial policies, such as strategic emerging industry policies, may have a negative impact on U.S. exports or U.S. investors and their investments or IP rights. Such Chinese measures frequently call for technology transfer and, in certain cases, appear to include criteria that could require IP rights to be developed in China, or to be owned by or licensed to a Chinese party. Such government-imposed conditions or incentives may distort licensing and other private business arrangements, resulting in commercial outcomes that are not optimal for the firms involved or for promoting innovation. Such government intervention in the commercial decisions that enterprises make regarding the ownership, development, registration, or licensing of IP is not consistent with international practice, and may raise concerns relative to China's implementation of its WTO commitments. 34