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 There are other important weaknesses in China's civil enforcement system that relate to mechanisms for gathering evidence; procedures for obtaining preliminary injunctions; and the relative weight afforded certain kinds of evidence, as reflected in the overreliance on original documentary evidence over oral testimony. Without changes to address these weaknesses, some of which are not specific to intellectual property but relate to China's civil process generally, effective enforcement against misappropriation of trade secrets in China will remain challenging.

The United States is encouraged by China's December 2013 Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) commitment to undertake an Action Program that will include concrete actions to address enforcement, enhance public awareness, and require strict legal compliance with respect to trade secrets. The United States will continue to engage with China as it develops this Action Program, and as it advances legal and regulatory reforms to better protect trade secrets.

Copyright and Piracy

The United States will continue to urge that all levels of the Chinese government, as well as state-owned enterprises (SOEs), use only legitimate, licensed copies of software. In May 2011, China's government reported that software legalization in central government offices was complete. At the provincial level, China's government reported that a similar effort was completed as of June 30, 2012. In January, 2014, the Chinese government reported that all local government agencies at the city and county level had completed software legalization by the end of 2013. However, even with the significant work to legalize this number and range of government agencies, U.S. software companies have seen only a modest increase in sales to government agencies, and specific information about the procedures and tools used to ascertain budget or audit information remains unavailable.

Software legalization efforts more recently have extended to China's SOE sector. Losses by software companies due to piracy at SOEs and other enterprises remain very high. To the degree that Chinese firms do not pay for the software that runs many of their operations, they reap a cost advantage relative to competitors who pay for legally acquired software. The United States remains committed to working with China to continue to address these challenges.

Despite bilateral commitments to increase IPR enforcement, online piracy in China persists on a large scale. As of 2013, China had the largest Internet user base in the world, estimated at over 600 million users, including nearly 500 million mobile web users. Despite national campaigns and the leadership of the Leading Group, widespread piracy affects industries involved in the distribution of legitimate music, motion pictures, books and journals, video games, and software. For example, industry reports that in 2013 the revenues from digital music sales in China were $65.4 million, compared to $108.3 million in South Korea, and $32.0 million in Thailand – a country with less than five percent of China's population and a roughly equivalent per capita GDP. Similarly, over 90 percent of the revenue generated by U.S. films in China comes in the form of box office revenues, compared to 25-30 percent in the United States. This difference is partly due to widespread piracy of motion pictures over the Internet and on optical discs. Online piracy extends to scientific, technical, and medical publications as well. 33