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 secret laws, regulations, and judicial interpretations, including provisions regarding the protection and enforcement of trade secrets.

China also invited comment on draft rules and guidelines on proposed regulations for the remuneration of "service inventions" (i.e., inventions created by an employee as part of his or her employment), rules for anti-monopoly enforcement in the field of intellectual property rights, and patent examination guidelines for utility model and design patents. Several proposed measures raise serious concerns, while others represent a marked improvement over prior drafts. The United States applauds China's openness to receiving comments and looks forward to continuing engagement as future drafts are developed and evaluated, and as the drafts move through the SCLAO and the National People's Congress.

Additional legal reforms require action, including amending the Criminal Law and other relevant measures to address continuing deficiencies in China's criminal IPR enforcement.

National Leading Group

Following the completion of China's 2010-11 Special IPR Campaign, the State Council established a permanent office of the national leading group on combating IPR infringement (Leading Group) to better coordinate and improve China's efforts to combat IPR infringement and the manufacture and sale of counterfeit and sub-standard goods. In 2013, the Leading Group continued to coordinate enforcement actions and undertake special campaigns, including concerning online markets and cross-border infringement cases. The United States encourages China to continue to work with foreign governments and rights holders to share information and demonstrate the constructive role the Leading Group can play to improve the protection and enforcement of IPR.

Trade Secrets

As noted above, trade secret theft is a serious and growing problem in China. Thefts may arise in a variety of circumstances, including those involving departing employees, failed joint ventures, and cyber intrusion and hacking. In addition, thefts arising from the misuse of information submitted to government entities for purposes of complying with regulatory obligations are particularly troubling. The misappropriation of trade secrets and their use by a competing enterprise can have a devastating impact on a company's business, making recourse to adequate and effective legal remedies particularly important.

Under Chinese law, however, available remedies are difficult to obtain, given that civil, administrative, and criminal enforcement against trade secrets theft remains severely constrained. Enforcement obstacles include various deficiencies in China's AUCL; constraints on gathering evidence for use in litigation; difficulties in meeting the criteria for establishing that information constitutes a trade secret; and criminal penalties that do not provide adequate deterrents. Unlike other Chinese IP laws, the AUCL does not expressly authorize judges to issue certain provisional orders that are often critical to the successful pursuit of a civil enforcement action. While China's new Civil Procedure Law may address, or partially address, that problem, there has been insufficient time to ascertain whether this new law is facilitating access to civil remedies in practice. Additionally, the AUCL appears to apply primarily to "commercial undertakings" and not to impose liability on individual actors; the AUCL also requires that a trade secret have "practical applicability," which may limit the scope of protection for early stage research. 32