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 trade secrets as well as protection against unfair commercial use or unauthorized disclosure of test and other data generated to obtain marketing approval for pharmaceutical products. As a result, sales of IPR-intensive goods and services in China remain disproportionately low when compared to sales in similar, or even less developed, markets that provide a stronger environment for IPR protection and market access. Despite laudable policy objectives and a welcome ongoing reform effort, foreign rights holders in China continue to face a complex and challenging IPR environment. Given the size of China's consumer marketplace and its global importance as a producer of a broad range of products, China's protection and enforcement of IPR will continue to be a focus of U.S. trade policy.

In particular, the theft of trade secrets remains a significant concern. Such thefts are occurring not only inside but also outside China for the competitive advantage of Chinese state-owned and private companies. Conditions are likely to deteriorate as long as those committing such thefts, and those benefitting, continue to operate with relative impunity, often taking advantage of the theft in order to enter into unfair competition or disadvantageous business relationships with their victims. The United States strongly urges the Chinese government to take serious steps to put an end to these activities and to deter further activity by rigorously investigating and prosecuting trade secret thefts conducted by both cyber and conventional means.

Of longstanding concern are Chinese central, provincial, and local government measures and actions that appear to require or pressure rights holders to transfer IPR from foreign to domestic entities. Sometimes guided by government measures or policy statements intended to promote indigenous innovation and the development of strategic industries, government authorities may deny or delay market access or otherwise condition government procurement, permissions, subsidies, tax treatment, and other actions on IPR being owned or developed in China, or licensed to a Chinese entity. The U.S. Government is also concerned by the increased number of stakeholders reporting that Chinese government entities are using regulatory pressure to compel the licensing of important technologies or to dissuade stakeholders from pursuing available legal avenues to enforce their IPR. China has made certain commitments to the United States on some of these matters; the United States will continue pressing China to follow through on those commitments.

Legal Reform

The United States welcomes China's ongoing legal reform efforts despite serious reservations regarding certain measures. Since 2012, China has undertaken revisions to and invited comment on draft revisions to its existing laws on patents, copyrights, trademarks, drug administration, and scientific and technological achievements. Effective January 1, 2013, China's amended Civil Procedure Law includes provisions that may help U.S. rights holders to secure preliminary measures and otherwise enforce their rights in civil court actions. Currently before China's State Council Legislative Affairs Office (SCLAO) are draft amendments to the Copyright Law and Patent Law. In mid-2014, a revised Trademark Law and implementing regulations will go into effect. Amendment of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL), unrevised since first entering into force in 1993, is proceeding at a slower pace. While applauding China's consideration of U.S. government and private sector perspectives and experiences as it amends its laws, the United States notes the need to move forward expeditiously with remaining revisions to its IP-related laws, and underscores the urgent need to update and amend the AUCL and related trade 31