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 highlights concerns regarding market access barriers affecting pharmaceutical products in Algeria and Indonesia.

Even where a trading partner's IPR regime demonstrates a commitment to strong IPR protection, other types of measures have the potential to affect market access in the pharmaceutical and medical device sector. For example, government practices including unreasonable regulatory approval delays and potentially unfair reimbursement policies can discourage the development of new drugs and other medical products. The criteria, rationale, and operation of such measures are often nontransparent or not fully disclosed to patients or to pharmaceutical and medical device companies seeking to market their products. USTR encourages trading partners to provide appropriate mechanisms for transparency, procedural and due process protections, and opportunities for public engagement in the context of their relevant health care systems.

U.S. industry has expressed concerns regarding the policies of several industrialized trading partners, including Finland, Germany, Greece, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Poland, and Taiwan, on issues related to innovation in the pharmaceutical sector and other aspects of health care goods and services. Examples include:

 With respect to Japan, pharmaceutical and medical device issues are an integral part of regular bilateral discussions. While Japan has made progress on these issues, the United States continues to work with Japan to seek continued improvements in transparency in addition to further reform of reimbursement and regulatory systems that would facilitate the timely introduction of innovative pharmaceuticals and medical devices into Japan's market.

With respect to Poland, U.S. industry is concerned about healthcare reform legislation introduced in 2010 that would alter Poland's pricing, reimbursement, and clinical trials policies. Industry continues to express concern about the pharmaceutical industry's general lack of ability to meet with the Ministry of Health to provide their perspectives on policy initiatives.

With respect to New Zealand, U.S. industry has expressed serious concerns about the policies and operation of New Zealand's Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PhARMAC). Industry continues to express concerns regarding, among other things, the transparency, fairness, and predictability of the PHARMAC pricing and reimbursement regime, as well as the overall climate for innovative medicines in New Zealand. 

The United States is seeking to establish or continue dialogues with relevant trading partners to address these and other sectoral concerns, and encourage a common understanding on questions related to innovation in the pharmaceutical and medical device sectors. For example, the United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement, once in force, would improve access to innovative medical products and ensure the transparent, predictable, and non-discriminatory pricing and reimbursement of innovative and generic pharmaceutical products, and medical devices. The United States is also continuing its engagement with China to promote fair and transparent policies in this sector.

The United States shares policy goals and concerns related to health care with other countries, including challenges surrounding aging populations and rising health care costs. The United States