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 VENEZUELA

Venezuela will remain on the Priority Watch List in 2009. Protection and enforcement of IPR deteriorated in Venezuela in 2008. Copyright piracy continues to worsen, while proposed copyright legislation, if re-introduced, would severely undercut the existing Venezuelan copyright law, as well as bilateral and international standards of IP protection. The U.S. pharmaceutical industry reports that Venezuela has not issued a patent to a foreign pharmaceutical product since 2003. Further, in 2008, Venezuela reinstated a 1955 law that prevents the patenting of medicines and food. Venezuela also does not provide sufficient protection against unfair commercial use of undisclosed test and other data generated to obtain marketing approval for pharmaceutical products. In April 2006, Venezuela withdrew from the Andean Community. This raises questions about Venezuela's ability to fulfill its international IPR obligations since the Andean Community Decisions establish basic IP law for the region. The United States urges the Venezuelan Government to take immediate action to improve IPR protection, particularly by amending unsatisfactory legislative proposals or laws and by protecting against unfair commercial use of undisclosed test and other data generated to obtain marketing approval for pharmaceutical products, and to improve IPR enforcement, particularly by addressing piracy and counterfeiting.

BELARUS

Belarus will remain on the Watch List in 2009. In the 2008 Special 301 Report, the United States reiterated its concern about Belarus' delayed implementation of its IPR commitments under the United States-Belarus Trade Agreement. There has been no apparent progress since that time. The Belorussian market is dominated by illegal optical disc, with pirated DVDs of films sometimes making it to the market before they are released in U.S. cinemas. The Government reportedly misuses software licenses openly. Enforcement officials have no ex officio authority to investigate, seize or prosecute IPR cases. Reports indicate that IPR enforcement is virtually non-existent.

The United States continues to urge Belarus to strengthen its IPR laws and to enforce against piracy and counterfeiting. In 2008, there were reports that Belarus planned to amend its copyright law; Belarus is urged to move forward with this plan including the proper implementation of the WIPO Internet Treaties, which Belarus ratified in 1998. We also encourage Belarus to amend its IPR laws to provide much needed ex officio authority to its enforcement officials for cases of piracy and counterfeiting.

BOLIVIA

Bolivia will remain on the Watch List in 2009. Rampant piracy and counterfeiting, including counterfeiting of medicines, persist in Bolivia. In particular, concerns remain about the erosion of IP protection for pharmaceutical products. There were no notable improvements to Bolivia's IPR regime during 2008. As a WTO member, Bolivia committed to increase its levels of IPR