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 Emerging Developments: Apart from longstanding concerns over }PR enforcement, the United States is alert to U.S. industry concerns about the possibility that laws or policies in a variety of fields might be used or misused to favor domestic over foreign IPR. Such concerns are especially acute in light of Chinese government policies establishing a procurement preference for domestically innovated products, statements and consideration of legal and/or policy changes regarding such areas as the scope of compulsory licensing, the use of IPR in setting standards, and other emerging developments that have the potential to affect IPR protection and market access for IPR-bearing goods and services. The United States will monitor these developments closely to ensure fair treatment for U.S. right holders.

The treatment of intellectual property in standards-setting processes has garnered recent attention in China and elsewhere. In China, standards for third generation (3G) wireless technology are an example. China has committed to accord technology-neutral treatment to different 3G standards. To date, China has not licensed any 3G wireless technology. However, Chinese operators have taken steps to procure equipment and services for the installation of a network that appears will be dedicated to support wireless communications based on the TD-SCDMA standard. China Mobile, the world's largest mobile operator, began rolling out a massive "test" TD-SCDMA network in nine coastal cities in late 2007. As China Mobile's webpage attested in mid-April 2008, this service is now commercially available. No other operator has been permitted to deploy alternative 3G technology, even on the kind of "test" basis authorized to China Mobile. Such steps to advance the standard containing Chinese technology raise questions about China's commitment to accord technology neutrality to the different 3G standards.

More generally, the Chinese Electronics Standardization Institute (CESI) is in the process of drafting IPR rules for standards-setting organizations (SSOs). These draft rules provide for SSOs to report to government authorities on the possible relevance of patent claims in draft standards submitted for examination and approval by the authorities. It is unclear what purpose is envisaged for this governmental review, including whether such a review of the possible relevance of patent claims could involve governmental authorities in the determination of the terms and conditions for licensing essential patents.

Regional Coordination of IPR protection and enforcement. To promote greater coordination, most municipal authorities in China have established a working group on IPR, appointed a vice mayor, adopted action plans, and opened IPR complaint centers. The widespread use of databases by provincial and local authorities, as well as information provided through www.ipr.gov.cn, has provided greater access to information regarding regional IPR protection and enforcement activities. The United States encourages coordinating authorities to regularly publish white papers, summaries of regional enforcement cooperation, and English language complaint forms, and establish English language complaint call centers. We also encourage publication of information on relevant local laws and regulations.

Beijing City is both the nation's capital and one of its most visible centers for retail counterfeiting and piracy. IPR enforcement in Beijing varies between different districts and