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 The United States continues to work with other WTO Members, including the European Communities, Japan, and Switzerland, to encourage a discussion within the WTO TRIPS Council on implementation of the enforcement-related provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. The United States hopes that the TR]PS Council can generate a useful sharing of experiences related to IPR enforcement, in the interest of ensuring effective implementation of enforcement obligations.

Intellectual Property and Health Policy

The Administration is dedicated to addressing the serious health problems, such as HIV/AIDS, afflicting developing and least-developed countries in Africa and elsewhere. The United States believes firmly that intellectual property protection, including for pharmaceutical patents, is critical to the long term viability of a health care system capable of developing new and innovative lifesaving medicines. Intellectual property rights are necessary to encourage rapid innovation, development, and commercialization of effective and safe drug therapies. Financial incentives are needed to develop new medications; no one benefits if research on such products is discouraged.

At the same time, the United States is also firmly of the view that international obligations such as those in the TRIPS Agreement have sufficient flexibility to allow countries, particularly developing and least-developed countries, to address the serious public health problems that they face. In this context, the United States strongly supports the 2001 Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health. The Declaration acknowledged the serious public health problems afflicting African and other developing and least-developed country members, especially those relating to HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and other epidemics. Ministers agreed that WTO intellectual property rules contain flexibilities to meet the dual objectives of, on the one hand, meeting the needs of poor countries without the resources to pay for cutting edge pharmaceuticals and, on the other hand, ensuring that the patent system continues to promote the development and creation of new lifesaving drugs.

In addition, Ministers recognized that WTO Members with "insufficient or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector" could have difficulty using the compulsory licensing provisions of the TRIPS Agreement and directed the TRIPS Council to find an expeditious solution to this problem. Under the TRIPS/health solution concluded in August 2003, Members are permitted, in accordance with specified procedures, to issue compulsory licenses to export pharmaceutical products to countries that cannot produce drugs for themselves. The General Council adopted a Decision in December 2005 that incorporated this solution into an amendment to the TRIPS Agreement, and later that month the United States became the first WTO Member to formally accept this amendment. Other WTO Members now have until December 31, 2009 to accept the amendment. It will go into effect, for those Members that accept it, once two-thirds of the membership has accepted it. The August 2003 waiver will remain in place and available until the amendment takes effect.

In recent free trade agreements with the parties to the U.S. – Central America – Dominican Republic FTA (CAFTA-DR), and with Korea, Morocco, Bahrain, Oman, Peru, Colombia, and Panama, the United States has clarified that the intellectual property provisions in the FTAs do