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 Causes of the War. 21

sad necessity of separation in 1861. We hear of no such evidences of feeling in 1814. The Eastern States were bound to rule or ruin; they must have full pockets or no Union.

STATE RIGHTS IN NEW ENGLAND.

John Lowell, of Massachusetts, in 1812, writes: " Is there no constitutional right in the people or the several States to judge whether the militia are, or are not, constitutionally called into ser- vice ? In whom from the very limitation in the Constitution reposes the ultimate right to judge whether the cause does exist? We answer, in the constituting power (/. e., the State), not in the dele- gate (/. e., the general government), in the master, not in the ser- vant; ultimately in the people of the several States. The very idea of limitation excludes the possibility that the delegate (/. e., the general government), should be the judge."

The above, from the pen of a New Englander, expresses the sen- timents of New England in 1812, and is a strict declaration of the doctrine of States' Rights, according to the teachings of Jefferson and Madison.

Gouverneur Morris was the very man who revised the language of the Constitution before its final adoption, and must, therefore, have understood its meaning. These are his words: "That the Constitution was a compact, not between solitary individuals, but between political societies each State enjoying sovereign power."

In a subsequent letter he says: "The Union is already broken by this administration. Should we now rely upon it we would forfeit all claim tu common sense." Such was then the opinion at that time of the North in general, and of New England in particular, as to their right to secede.

The Connecticut Courant says- "We have now already ap- proached the era when they (the different States) must be divided."

NEW ENGLAND'S "TREASON" IN 1809.

The inclination of New England to reunite herself with Great Britain has now been almost forgotten, having been studiously kept in the background for the better part of a century, but in 1809 it was so well known that the Governor-General of Canada sent an agent into New England with a view of a co-operation with Eng- land and a union with Canada.