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 criterion which I also find has not been met, namely that there is no link between the rights asserted by South Africa and the provisional measures sought.

24. The next issue is the link between the asserted rights and the measures requested. South Africa has requested the Court to indicate nine types of measures: The requested measures can be divided into several categories.

1. First and second measures

25. The first and second requested measures concern Israel’s ongoing military operations in Gaza. They would not merely require Israel to cease all alleged acts of genocide under Article II and III of the Convention—but would require the suspension of all military operations in Gaza, regardless of whether Hamas, an organization not party to these proceedings, continues to attack Israel or continues to hold Israeli hostages. In this respect, Israel would be required to unilaterally cease hostilities, a prospect I consider unrealistic. These two requested measures appear overly broad and are not clearly linked with the rights asserted by South Africa. Israel is currently engaged in an armed conflict with Hamas in response to the Hamas attack on Israeli military and civilian targets on 7 October 2023. Israeli military operations that target members of Hamas and other armed groups operating in Gaza—as opposed to conduct intended to cause harm to the civilian populace of Gaza—would not appear to fall within the scope of Israel’s obligations under the Genocide Convention. This is particularly the case for Israeli military operations that comply with international humanitarian law. Accordingly, the first and second measures do not appear to have a sufficient link with the asserted rights. A rejection of the first and second requested measures would be consistent with the Court’s approach in Bosnia v. Serbia and The Gambia v. Myanmar, where the Court indicated provisional measures but, in doing so, did not bar either Serbia or Myanmar from continuing their military operations more generally (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 24, para. 52; Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 30, para. 86). The measures indicated were restricted to the commission of acts of genocide.

2. Third measure

26. Although the Applicant requests this measure to apply to both Parties, it is not clear how South Africa, which is not a party to the conflict in Gaza, would contribute to preserving the rights of Palestinians in Gaza, much less “prevent genocide”. In reality this measure would apply only to Israel. That said, to require Israel to “take all reasonable measures within their powers to prevent genocide” in Gaza would simply be to repeat the obligation already incumbent upon Israel and any other State party under the Genocide Convention. This measure appears to be redundant.

3. Fourth and fifth measures

27. The fourth requested measure requires Israel to refrain from specific actions that South Africa considers to be linked with its obligation to desist from committing any of the acts referred to in Article II, paragraphs (a) to (d) of the Convention. In my view, this measure, like the first and second, in effect requires Israel to unilaterally stop hostilities with Hamas, which is the only way of guaranteeing that none of the acts stipulated take place. However, as previously stated, this measure,