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 :independent, 36, 55
 * nonrepresentative, 18, 94, 96
 * random, 19, 113, 118
 * representative, 18, 19, 42, 46, 156
 * stratification, 19

science: Chapter 9 applied, 2, 6, 8, 103, 150, 151, 185, 189-192, 194, 195, 206
 * arts and, 9, 187
 * basic, 2, 103, 185, 189-192, 194, 195, 206
 * big and little, 193, 194
 * comparison of basic and applied, 189-191
 * experimental, 5, 8, 10-14, 68, 99, 101, 162, 194
 * funding, 191-193
 * history of, 3-12
 * lay perspective, 183-187
 * observational, 98-100, 194
 * scope, 14
 * theoretical, 10, 194

scientific freedom, see: academic freedom scientific instruments, see: instruments scientific literature, see: literature scientific method
 * myth of, 12
 * summary of, 12, 13, 169
 * variety of, 12, 14, 100, 188

scientific pecking order, 194, 195 scientific progress, 13, 14, 74, 113, 123, 136, 146, 150, 151, 162, 164, 194, 198, 201 scientific research, see: science scientist: Chapter 10
 * egotism, 195
 * motivations, 184, 210-212
 * personal characteristics, 184, 197-202
 * variety of, 12

search procedure, 104-109 social science, 15, 19, 20, 54, 60, 62, 69, 96, 118, 136, 141, 189, 194 society and science, 189, 190 sociology, 70, 96, 136, 139, 188 standard, see: calibration statistics: Chapters 2 & 3
 * arithmetic mean, 32
 * Chauvenet’s criterion, 33, 35, 41
 * confidence limits, 18, 25-27, 33-35
 * correlation, see: correlation
 * degrees of freedom, 31
 * geometric mean, 32
 * harmonic mean, 32
 * linear regression, 55-60
 * mean, 23-27, 31, 34, 35
 * median, 33-35
 * nonlinear relationships, 58, 60
 * nonparametric, 30, 32-37, 59
 * normal distribution function, 23, 24
 * parametric, 30, 32-37, 50
 * pitfalls, 29
 * probability, see: probability
 * propagation of errors, 28, 29
 * quartile, 34
 * range of data, 34, 51, 60
 * rejecting anomalous data, 32, 33, 35
 * skewness, 30, 31, 41
 * standard deviation, 23-27, 34
 * standard error, 25-27
 * standardize, 31
 * variance, 24, 26
 * weighting, 26, 35, 56
 * χ2 test, 30, 31

stereotype, 127 syllogism, 4, 5, 72, 82-85
 * categorical, 83, 84
 * hypothetical, 85, 86
 * substitution, 84

symmetry, see: comparison - symmetry systematic error, see: bias technology
 * economic effects of research, 190, 191
 * effects on science, 101, 163, 179, 186
 * predictions, 8
 * relation to science, 4, 6, 185, 186, 190
 * side effects, 185, 186
 * transfer, 192

testing, see: hypothesis – testing of textbook science, 147, 161, 186, 188, 192, 210 theoretical science, see: science - theoretical theory, 148, 160
 * definition of, 13

time series, 52-55, 60 troubleshooting, see: experiment – troubleshooting, instrument - troubleshooting values, 184, 187, 201
 * judgment, 146-151, 160

variable
 * causal, 18, 46, 60-69, 117, 165
 * control of, 8, 11, 12, 63, 66, 89, 98-100, 103, 108, 112, 117-119, 138, 163
 * definition of, 13, 15